The effects of an explicit three dimensional (3D) urban canopy representation on the development of convective thunderstorms were analyzed with the tropical town energy budget (tTEB) scheme integrated into the advanced regional prediction system (ARPS). The study provides a detailed description of the procedure to couple the system ARPS-tTEB and analyzed the simulation results of the 12 January 2015 sea-breeze event that developed a severe thunderstorm above the metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP), Brazil.

We acknowledge financial support from the International Foundation for Science, Sweden, Concejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia CONCYTEC, Peru, and the Wellcome Trust, U.K

Present study comes under the project MAGNET-IGP: Strengthening the research line in physics and microphysics of the atmosphere (Agreement No 010-2017-FONDECYT) This work was done using instruments of the Laboratory of Physics, Microphysics and Radiation (LAMAR) and computational resources, HPC-Linux -Cluster, from Laboratorio de Dinamica de Fluidos Geofisicos Computacionales at Instituto Geofisico del Peru (grants 101-2014-FONDECYT, SPIRALES2012 IRD-IGP, Manglares IGP-IDRC, PP068 program).We also thank Mr. Luis Suarez Salas for the support of LAMAR instruments.

El desarrollo de áreas urbanas produce una gran modificación de la superficie de la tierra y los climas locales pueden ser modificados por estos cambios (Changnon, 1978; Lemonsu et al., 2010; Vimal Mishra et al., 2015). En general, los microclimas urbanos son más cálidos que sus alrededores en cualquier momento del día en las ciudades de latitudes medias. Este fenómeno se conoce como isla de calor urbano (UHI) (Oke, 1987; Dimoudia et al., 2013; Seem et al., 2015). La forma y el tamaño de la UHI varía con el tiempo, el clima y los patrones de la superficie urbana (Oke, 1987). Se pueden distinguir dos tipos de UHI: la isla de calor de la capa de dosel urbano (UCL) y la isla de calor de la capa límite urbana (UBL). En general, el UCL se encuentra por debajo del nivel medio del techo y consta de varios microclimas generados por la naturaleza heterogénea de los elementos individuale...

El desarrollo de áreas urbanas produce una gran modificación de la superficie de la tierra y los climas locales pueden ser modificados por estos cambios (Changnon, 1978; Lemonsu et al., 2010; Vimal Mishra et al., 2015). En general, los microclimas urbanos son más cálidos que sus alrededores en cualquier momento del día en las ciudades de latitudes medias. Este fenómeno se conoce como isla de calor urbano (UHI) (Oke, 1987; Dimoudia et al., 2013; Seem et al., 2015). La forma y el tamaño de la UHI varía con el tiempo, el clima y los patrones de la superficie urbana (Oke, 1987). Se pueden distinguir dos tipos de UHI: la isla de calor de la capa de dosel urbano (UCL) y la isla de calor de la capa límite urbana (UBL). En general, el UCL se encuentra por debajo del nivel medio del techo y consta de varios microclimas generados por la naturaleza heterogénea de los elementos individuale...

Ultraviolet (UV) solar irradiance measurements performed in the central Andes, Huancayo, Peru (12.0°S, 75.3°W, 3313 m asl) at 1 min intervals between January 2003 and December 2006 were used to analyse daily, monthly, and annual cycles of UV solar irradiance. The measurements were performed using a GUV-511 multi-channel filter radiometer at four wavelengths: 305, 320, 340, and 380 nm. UV irradiance data under clear sky and all sky conditions were separated using a procedure based on calculation of normalized irradiance. In February, the highest hourly mean value at noon for the UV Index reached 18.8 for clear sky conditions and 15.5 for all sky conditions, with outlier peaks close to UVI = 28. In addition, the highest mean value for the daily erythemal dose was found also in February, reaching 7.5 kJ m−2 d−1 with a maximum outlier value close to 10.1 kJ m−2 d−1. Comparisons bet...

We describe the results of the study of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Direct Radiative Forcing (DRF) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), obtained in the period 2004 using the MODIS sensor of the TERRA satellite for Peru. Where it is observed that the AOD value can take maximum values around 0.5, resulting in aerosol DRF in the upper part of the atmosphere. The results indicate that the FRD is between [-5 0] W / m2.

Describimos los resultados del estudio del espesor óptico de aerosol (EOA) y el Forzamiento Radiativo Directo (FRD) en la cima de la atmósfera (TOA), obtenidos en el periodo 2004 utilizando el sensor MODIS del satélite TERRA para Perú. Donde se observa que el valor del EOA puede tomar valores máximos alrededor de 0.5, obteniéndose como resultado el FRD de aerosol en la parte superior de la atmósfera. Los resultados indican que, la FRD está entre [-5 0] W / m2.

The objective of this research is to determine the variation of the total ozone column over the regions of Huancayo, Santiago de Chile and Antarctica. The study focused on measurements of the total ozone column over Huancayo, Santiago de Chile and the Machupicchu Antarctic Research Station (ECAMP). Total column ozone data were obtained by NASA's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) over 16 years (2005-2020). Likewise, it was obtained that in Huancayo a monthly average of 243.1 Dobson Units (DU). In the Peruvian Antarctic station there is a monthly average of 276 DU. And, finally, the registered data obtained the minimum and maximum value of 237 (May) and 254 (September) respectively. Likewise, in Santiago de Chile the minimum and maximum value of 251 (March) and 301 (September) respectively were obtained. In Antarctica, the minimum and maximum value of 220 (September) and 310 (December) res...

Atmospheric particles (PM10 and PM2.5) are responsible for serious problems in human health. Therefore, this study determined the spatial variation of the concentration of particulate matter in the department of Junin, as in the Brazilian Amazon for the period 2021. The data obtained were analyzed using the low-cost PA-II Purpleair sensor, to measurements of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) at a temporal resolution of 1 min. Likewise, maximum average values of concentrations of particulate material less than 1um, 2.5um and 10um were obtained, which can reach values of 40, 49, 55 μg/m3, respectively. It is concluded that the high values slightly exceed the environmental quality standards of Peru.

In this work, the spatial dynamic behavior of the aerosol index for the department of Junín is exposed. The basic information for the development of this research is satellite data obtained from NASA. The AURA satellite that has the OMI sensor installed has been monitoring the aerosol index (AI) since October 2004-2018. The satellite observations are as a whole a historical series of the concentration of the index, the data also have geographic coordinate information, which is why it was used to evaluate and simulate the spatial behavior using Kriging's spatial interpolation methodology. Where the greatest amount of suspended particles is observed both in the dry and wet season in the urban area that belongs to the province of Huancayo.

The study evaluated the sensitivity of the precipitation forecast in the central Andes of Peru of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to change the planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes. In that region is located the Mantaro basin, which is one of the most important in the region. Here, the rainfall is very important to the agriculture and to the reserves of drinking water. The simulations were carried out with ten PBL schemes for 19 days in January, February, and March, between 2009 and 2012. Based on the statistical analysis (model vs. observation), the more efficient schemes were determined and analyses of the vertical profiles of some variables are shown. As a result, the schemes that most helped the model in rainfall forecasting were MYNN3 (general and north sector of the basin), Bou-Lac (central sector) and Bretherton-Park (southern sector). The model generally overestima...

Hailstorms, while fascinating from a meteorological perspective, pose significant risks to communities, agriculture, and infrastructure. In regions such as the Central Andes of Peru, the characteristics and frequency of these extreme weather events remain largely uncharted. This study fills this gap by investigating the historical frequency and vertical structure of hailstorms in this region. We analyzed historical hailstorm records dating back to 1958 alongside 4 years of observations (2017-2021) from the Parsivel2 disdrometer and a cloud-profiling radar MIRA35c. Our findings indicate a trend of decreasing hail frequency (-0.5 events per decade). However, the p value of 0.07 suggests the need for further investigation, particularly in relation to environmental changes and reporting methods. The results show that hailstorms predominantly occur during the austral summer months, with peak ...

Although climatologically dry, the western slopes of the southern Andes of Peru (WSA) can experience precipitation extremes (PEs) during the summer (December–February) resulting in great economic and human losses. Generally, WSA has a positive upslope gradient in precipitation, meaning more rain falls at higher elevations, but observations have shown this gradient can become negative with higher rainfall near the coastal cities. In this study we analyse 2000–2019 regional atmospheric patterns associated with different upslope precipitation gradients and PEs in WSA using principal component analysis methods and surface station observations. Results show important changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns during the occurrence of PE events. A prevailing pattern of negative southerly wind anomalies and regional warming of the southeastern Pacific Ocean leads to significant increas...

La rápida urbanización de las ciudades está cambiando el clima local, lo que genera altas temperaturas y entornos urbanos densos y difíciles, carentes de agua y vegetación[1]. La presente contribución estima la intensidad de Isla de Calor Urbano Superficial (ICUS) durante el periodo 2001 – 2022 para el área metropolitana de Huancayo (AMH), Perú. Se cuantificó la formación de la Isla de Calor Urbano Superficial, a partir de 2 métodos: el primero es el método de Streutker, el cual ajusta la temperatura superficial del suelo (LST) (superficie urbana y rural) a una superficie Gaussiana. El segundo, método de cuantil propuesto por José Flores, usa la diferencia entre el cuantil 0.95 de LST del área urbana y la mediana del LST del área rural. Ambos métodos usan data de sensoramiento remoto de LST a 0.050 de resolución, obtenido del sensor MODIS a bordo del satélite TERRA y...

La presente contribución estima la intensidad de Isla de Calor Urbano Superficial (ICUS) durante el periodo 2001 – 2020 para el Area Metropolitana de Grande Vitoria (AMGV), localizado en Brasil en el estado de Espiritu Santo. En orden a cuantificar la ICUS, se usó 2 métodos: el primero es el método de Streutker, en el cual usa una superficie Gaussiana para ajustar la temperatura superficial del suelo (LST) de la superficie urbana y rural. El segundo método propuesto por Jose Flores, usa la diferencia entre los cuantiles 0.95 de LST para el área urbana y la mediana del LST para el área rural. Ambos métodos usan data de sensoramiento remoto de LST mensual y producto anual de tipo de cobertura de suelo (Land Cover Type) a 0.050 de resolución, obtenido del sensor MODIS a bordo del satélite TERRA y AQUA. En general, los métodos de cuantiles puede ser usado como un análisis compl...

21st LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Leadership in Education and Innovation in Engineering in the Framework of Global Transformations: Integration and Alliances for Integral Development”, Hybrid Event

The present study explores the cloud microphysics (MPs) impact on the simulation of two convective rainfall events (CREs) over the complex topography of Andes mountains, using the Weather Research and Forecasting- Advanced Research (WRF-ARW) model. The events occurred on December 29 2015 (CRE1) and January 7 2016 (CRE2). Six microphysical parameterizations (MPPs) (Thompson, WSM6, Morrison, Goddard, Milbrandt and Lin) were tested, which had been previously applied in complex orography areas. The one-way nesting technique was applied to four domains, with horizontal resolutions of 18, 6, and 3 km for the outer ones, in which cumulus and MP parameterizations were applied, while for the innermost domain, with a resolution of 0.75 km, only MP parameterization was used. It was integrated for 36 h with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis (NFL) i...

This work presents results of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Direct Radiative Force (DRF) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), obtained during monitoring campaigns carried out at the Huancayo Observatory of the Geophysical Institute of Peru (OH-IGP ) in April and August 2022. In these campaigns, a Sun CIMEL photometer was used to measure the microphysical and optical properties of aerosols at wavelengths ranging from 340 to 1020 nm, and a low-cost Purple-air sensor to quantify the concentration of material particulate (PM), in fine and coarse modes. The AOD results indicated values in the range 0.06-0.22. The daily averages of PM2.5 and PM10 did not exceed Peru’s current Environmental Quality Standards (50 μg/m3 and 100 μg/m3). The air quality index (AQI) calculated for PM2.5 and PM10 was classified as good. On some days during the campaigns, the air quality was classified as moderat...

We describe the results of the study of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Direct Radiative Forcing (DRF) in Top Of Atmosphere (TOA), obtained from the measurement and monitoring campaign carried out during the XXI Antarctic Peruvian Expedition in the months of January and February 2013 and in the Metropolitan Huancayo Area in the months of June and July 2019. In the Scientific Peruvian Station at Antarctic “Machu Picchu” our used a SP02-L sun photometer, which is within the instrumental framework of the International Polar Year. This instrument has 4 channels: 412 nm, 500 nm, 675 nm and 862 nm, thus allowing direct radiation spectra measurements. And in the MHA we used the BF5 sensor. This instrument measured Direct, Diffuse and Global Radiation in low wavelength. The results calculated of AOD in polar latitudes varied between 0.0646 to 0.1061, in relation to AOD in MHA, presents the v...