En el presente trabajo se desarrolla un algoritmo para estimación de la lluvia a partir de datos del radar perfilador de nubes y precipitación, ubicado en el Laboratorio de Microfísica Atmosférica y Radiación – LAMAR en el Observatorio de Huancayo del Instituto Geofísico del Perú. Métodos: El algoritmo usa los datos del espectro Doppler (valores de potencia y velocidad) para calcular la distribución de tamaño de gotas de lluvia y en función de ésta se calculan los diferentes parámetros microfísicos. La intensidad de lluvia estimada es evaluada usando datos del pluviómetro de la estación meteorológica para un periodo de cinco meses. Resultados: El algoritmo es capaz de brindarnos información de la distribución del tamaño de gotas, el contenido de agua líquida y la intensidad de lluvia. Se encontró una sobrestimación de 12%, con errores de ±1.3 mm en acumulados ho...

Hailstorms, while fascinating from a meteorological perspective, pose significant risks to communities, agriculture, and infrastructure. In regions such as the Central Andes of Peru, the characteristics and frequency of these extreme weather events remain largely uncharted. This study fills this gap by investigating the historical frequency and vertical structure of hailstorms in this region. We analyzed historical hailstorm records dating back to 1958 alongside 4 years of observations (2017–2021) from the Parsivel2 disdrometer and a cloud-profiling radar MIRA35c. Our findings indicate a trend of decreasing hail frequency (−0.5 events per decade). However, the p value of 0.07 suggests the need for further investigation, particularly in relation to environmental changes and reporting methods. The results show that hailstorms predominantly occur during the austral summer months, with p...

A vertically pointing Ka-band radar (Metek MIRA-35C) installed at the Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Atmospheric Microphysics and Radiation Laboratory (LAMAR) Huancayo Observatory, which is located at an elevation of 3.3 km MSL in the Andes Mountains of Peru, is used to investigate the effects of terrain on satellite-based precipitation measurement in the Andes. We compare the vertical structure of precipitation observed by the MIRA-35C with Ka-band radar measurements from the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission core satellite using an approach based on Taylor’s hypothesis of frozen turbulence that attempts to reduce the impact of spatiotemporal offsets between these two radar measurements. From 3 April 2014 to 20 May 2018, the DPR measured precipitation near LAMAR during 15 of its 157 coincident overpasses. There were s...

En la literatura científica los mecanismos de formación de nubes y lluvias en los Andes del Perú son poco documentados. A principios del 2014, el Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) decidió intensificar los estudios en los Andes centrales para un mejor entendimiento de la microfísica de las nubes y lluvias. A fines del 2015, con la instalación del radar perfilador de nubes y precipitación que opera en la banda Ka (MIRA-35c), el Laboratorio de Microfísica Atmosférica y Radiación (LAMAR) empezó oficialmente sus operaciones en el Observatorio de Huancayo del IGP. En este trabajo, se usan datos del radar MIRA-35c, el perfilador de vientos y lluvias en la banda UHF, denominado CLAIRE (CLear-AIr and Rainfall Estimation), y el perfilador de vientos en la banda VHF, denominado BLTR (Boundary Layer Tropospheric Radar) para estimar la intensidad de lluvia. Se evaluó, para el área de ...

The research presents the inter-comparison of atmospheric variables measured by 9 automatic weather stations. This set of data was compared with the measurements of other weather stations in order to standardize the values that must be adjusted when taken to different areas. The data of a set of a total of 9 GMX500, which measures conventional meteorological variables, and 10 WS100 sensors, which measures precipitation parameters. The automatic stations were set up at the Huancayo Observatory (Geophysical Institute of Peru) for a period of 5 months. The data set of GMX500 were evaluated comparing with the average of the 9 sensors and the WS100 was compared with an optical disdrometer Parsivel². The temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall rate, and drop size distribution were evaluated. A pair of GMX500 sensors presented high data dispersion; it was found found tha...

This dataset includes data obtained at the Atmospheric Microphysics and Radiation Laboratory (LAMAR) of the Huancayo Observatory (12.04° S, 75.32° W, 3313 m ASL). Two Parsivel2 and two tipping bucket rain gauges are used in this dataset which are operating together since 2018. Data is given in NetCDF format, including two types of files, one NetCDF for precipitation totals and another which contains Parsivel2 data. This data set was collected in the complex topography conditions of the tropical Andes, and its potential use is to study the microphysics of orographic rainfall, atmospheric models and rainfall estimation algorithms.

Agriculture is one of the main economic activities in the Peruvian Andes; rainwater alone irrigates more than 80% of the fields used for agriculture purposes. However, the cloud and rain generation mechanisms in the Andes still remain mostly unknown. In early 2014, the Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) decided to intensify studies in the central Andes to better understand cloud microphysics; the Atmospheric Microphysics And Radiation Laboratory officially started operations in 2015 at IGP’s Huancayo Observatory. In this work, a Ka-band cloud profiler [cloud and precipitation profiler (MIRA-35c)], a UHF wind profiler [Clear-Air and Rainfall Estimation (CLAIRE)], and a VHF wind profiler [Boundary Layer and Tropospheric Radar (BLTR)] are used to estimate rainfall rate at different conditions. The height dependence of the drop size diameter versus the terminal velocity, obtained by the ...

Tras “El Niño Costero 2017”, el IGP desarrolló el proyecto “Modelado hidrogeodinámico (lluvias, huaicos y deslizamientos) en Chosica, Lima”, cuyo objetivo fue desarrollar una campaña de medición de lluvias usando un radar meteorológico para el modelado de lluvias y huaicos en la cuenca del río Rímac. Este proyecto; que contó con la participación de 3 direcciones del IGP: Ciencias de la Atmósfera e Hidrósfera (CAH), Ciencias de Tierra la Sólida (CTS) y el Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca; fue financiado por el Fondo para Intervenciones ante la ocurrencia de Desastres Naturales (Fondes)” del Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil (Indeci). Para desarrollar el proyecto, el IGP, mediante colaboración con el Centro de Investigaciones Avanzadas de Radar (ARRC, por sus siglas en inglés), de la Universidad de Oklahoma, rentó un radar de doble polarización de banda X (PX-10...

The first weather radar campaign over Lima, the capital of Peru, a desertic area on the western side of the Peruvian Andes, was carried out to study the occurrence of rain events in summer 2018. The weather radar was installed strategically and was able to overlook three river basins: Rimac, Chillón, and Lurin. An X-band radar (PX-1000) was used, which operates at 9.55 GHz. PX-1000 was built by the Advanced Radar Research Center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (U.S.A.). The radar operated from January 26th to April 1st, 2018, at Cerro Suche located 2910 m ASL and 55 km from the city of Lima. The PX-1000 performed plan-position indicators (PPI) for elevations starting at 0° up to 20°. The data presented here were obtained using a three-dimensional constant-altitude plan position-indicator (3D CAPPI), which was generated by high resolution (250 m) nearest point algorithm.

Objective: In the present work, an algorithm for rainfall estimation is developed, based on clouds and precipitation radar profiler data, located on Laboratory of Atmospheric Microphysics and Radiation – LAMAR in Huancayo Observatory of Instituto Geofísico del Perú. Methods: The algorithm use Doppler spectra data (values of power and velocity) to calculate raindrop size distribution, and based on this several microphysical parameters are calculated. The estimated rainfall rate is assessed using rain gauge data from meteorological station for a period of five months. Results: The algorithm is able to give us information of drops size distribution, liquid water content, and rainfall rate. Underestimation of 12% with ±1.3 mm in hourly cumulates has been found, which are compensated in long-term periods. Conclusion: These results suggest that the technic is adequate for studies that inv...

Es sabido que la precipitación es una de las variables meteorológicas más importantes en el Perú, puesto que, por un lado, es una de las principales fuentes de agua dulce para el consumo humano y la agricultura y, por el otro, debido a nuestra alta vulnerabilidad pueden causar pérdidas humanas y económicas, tal como ocurre, por ejemplo, cuando se desarrolla el fenómeno La Niña o El Niño. Es principalmente por este motivo que, desde el año 2015, la sede de Huancayo del Instituto Geofísico del Perú - IGP, cuenta con el Laboratorio de Microfísica Atmosférica y Radiación (LAMAR), el cual tiene instrumentos de última generación para medir diferentes parámetros atmosféricos en alta resolución temporal. Para el estudio de las precipitaciones se usan pluviómetros, disdrómetro, papel filtro, radares y satélite, los cuales registran información en alta frecuencia (desde seg...

The diurnal cycle of total hydrometeor availability and its associated patterns of atmospheric circulation is studied over a connected Andes–Amazon (A–A) system in the central region of Peru during the summer season. Surface precipitation depends on the amount of hydrometeors that occur in the atmosphere and its atmospheric dynamics. Hydrometeors and the precipitation efficiency index were estimated using radar of the core satellite of the GPM system (N-GPM) for the period 2014–2022. The atmospheric dynamics were analyzed using the regional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. According to the results, the Andes mountain range produces precipitation at a surface level more efficiently during the afternoon and early evening hours (12–19 LT) due to the convergence of the thermal mesoscale circulations transporting moisture fluxes from the east and west. Both generate conve...

In high-altitude regions, such as the Peruvian Andes, understanding the transformation of precipitation types under climate change is critical to the sustainability of water resources and the survival of glaciers. In this study, we investigate the distribution and types of precipitation on a tropical glacier in the Peruvian Central Andes. We utilized data from an optical-laser disdrometer and compact weather station installed at 4709 m ASL, combined with future climate scenarios from the CMIP6 project, to model potential future changes in precipitation types. Our findings highlight that increasing temperatures could lead to significant reductions in solid-phase precipitation, including snow, graupel and hail, with implications for the mass balance of Andean glaciers. For instance, a 2 °C rise might result in less than 10% of precipitation as solid, in regard to the present day, transfor...

This study presents an in-depth analysis of precipitation patterns, surface energy balance (SEB) components, and atmospheric vertical gradients (AVG) in the Huancayo Geophysical Observatory (HYGO) situated in an agricultural region inside the Mantaro valley within the central Andes of Peru, utilizing data from January 2018 to April 2022 and climatic-scale data from 1965 to 2018. Our findings reveal distinct daily and seasonal precipitation patterns, with peak occurrences in the late afternoon and early evening hours, and a pronounced seasonal variation aligning with dry and rainy periods. Analysis of 21 intense precipitation events linked to convective activity offers crucial insights for weather forecasting and disaster preparedness. These events were identified using in situ gauge pluviometers, the MIRA-35c vertical profiler radar and GPM-IMERG rainfall products. The turbulent energy f...

El presente estudio explora el impacto del método de expresar los procesos microfísicos en las nubes en la simulación numérica de eventos de lluvia convectiva sobre los Andes centrales, utilizando el modelo numérico de Investigación y Pronóstico del Tiempo (WRF, por sus siglas en inglés). Se probaron seis métodos de parametrización de los procesos microfísicos, a partir de la anidación sucesiva unidireccional de cuatro dominios (18, 6, 3 y 0.75 km de resolución). Las parametrizaciones de otros procesos físicos se mantuvieron invariables en los diferentes experimentos. Se integró durante 36 h con los datos globales del Centro Nacional de Predicción Ambiental de Estados Unidos (NCEP, por sus siglas en inglés) con condiciones iniciales de las 07:00, hora local (GMT-5). Las simulaciones se verificaron utilizando datos de satélite GOES, información del radar perfilador de n...

The present study explores the cloud microphysics (MPs) impact on the simulation of two convective rainfall events (CREs) over the complex topography of Andes mountains, using the Weather Research and Forecasting- Advanced Research (WRF-ARW) model. The events occurred on December 29 2015 (CRE1) and January 7 2016 (CRE2). Six microphysical parameterizations (MPPs) (Thompson, WSM6, Morrison, Goddard, Milbrandt and Lin) were tested, which had been previously applied in complex orography areas. The one-way nesting technique was applied to four domains, with horizontal resolutions of 18, 6, and 3 km for the outer ones, in which cumulus and MP parameterizations were applied, while for the innermost domain, with a resolution of 0.75 km, only MP parameterization was used. It was integrated for 36 h with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis (NFL) i...

Information on the vertical structure of rain, especially near the surface is important for accurate quantitative precipitation estimation from weather and space-borne radars. In the present study, the rainfall characteristics, from a vertically pointed profile Radar in the Mantaro basin (Huancayo, Peru) are observed. In summary, diurnal variation of near-surface rainfall and bright band height, average vertical profiles of the drop size distribution (DSD), rain rate, radar reflectivity (Zₑ) and liquid water content (LWC) are investigated to derive the rainfall characteristics. Diurnal variation of rain rate and bright band height show the bimodal distribution, where frequent and higher rain rate occurred during the afternoon and nighttime, and more than 70% bright band height found between 4.3–4.7 km. The average vertical profiles of Zₑ show the opposite characteristics above and ...

A set of instruments to measure several physical, microphysical, and radiative properties of the atmosphere and clouds are essential to identify, understand and, subsequently, forecast and prevent the effects of extreme meteorological events, such as severe rainfall, hailstorms, frost events and high pollution events, that can occur with some regularity in the central Andes of Peru. However, like many other Latin American countries, Peru lacks an adequate network of meteorological stations to identify and analyze extreme meteorological events. To partially remedy this deficiency, the Geophysical Institute of Peru has installed a set of specialized sensors (LAMAR) on the Huancayo observatory (12.04º S, 75.32º W, 3350 m ASL), located in the Mantaro river basin, which is a part of the central Andes of Peru, especially in agricultural areas. LAMAR consists of a set of sensors that are used...