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1
artículo
Publicado 2020
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The issuance of the Emergency Decree 013-2019, which regulates market concentration operations by establishing an ex ante control of said transactions, forces us to reexamine the way in which information exchanges are conducted in the framework of mergers and adquisitions. The exchange of information is vital to this types of operations, however, it can not be unlimited, since that would endager market competition. Faced with this situation, this article analyzes the possible transgresions to this new regimen that could be comitted within these types of transactions, as well as the measures that could be implemented to reduce said risks. First, the authors explores the figures of horizontal colusion and gun jumping, by analyzing national and international legislation and jurisprudence. Then, they explain the powers Indecopi posseses to sanction these conducts. Finally, they conclude with...
2
artículo
The present event revolves around the definition and evolution of merger control, as well as the need to implement a tool like this in the national market, evaluating if the necessary conditions for proper implementation are presented.
3
artículo
Law 31112 contemplates the creation of an unprecedented mandatory preventive merger control in Peru, which will come into force within 15 days after the publication of the adaptation that Indecopi must elaborate.The institutional design of the Peruvian merger control system has several similarities with the Chilean system, which was implemented through Law 20945 of 2016, and in force since June 1, 2017. The over 100 cases resolved by the Chilean competition authority have involved a relevant evolution in the criteria and tools applied. In this sense, given the similarity between both systems, the author presents how the Chilean experience can feed future discussions and practices of the neighboring jurisdiction, which could enhance coordination and cooperation between the two countries, improving the merger controls with effects across Latin America.
4
artículo
There are as many merger control mechanisms as jurisdictions, each one of them with its own strength and particularities. Such variety can be used to analyze the effectiveness of such techniques, and evaluate their applications in a local scale.In this article, the author reviews some of the principal aspects in which merger control mechanisms differ. Subsequently, and based on the advantages or disadvantages that these mechanisms may show, the author analyzes the characteristics that a merger control mechanism should have for it the be implemented in Perú our country.
5
tesis de maestría
Publicado 2015
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Las autoridades de competencia llevan a cabo procedimientos de control de fusiones para prevenir efectos nocivos de la concentración de mercado en la competencia. Sin embargo, deben considerar las situaciones en que la fusión de empresas no necesariamente generará una afectación sobre el bienestar, como ocurre en los casos en que produce una “ganancia en eficiencia” debido a la fusión. En esa línea, la Comisión Europea (autoridad de control de fusiones en Europa) estableció en 2004 reglas y procedimientos que permiten considerar las ganancias en eficiencia para el análisis de la autoridad. Bajo este contexto, este estudio evaluó si el análisis de ganancia en eficiencia influenció o no en el proceso de decisión de la autoridad. Aplicando una estimación del tipo logit, no se encontró evidencia suficiente que indique que las consideraciones de eficiencia tienen impacto en...
6
artículo
Publicado 2018
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En este artículo se estudian los principios básicos que subyacen detrás de los procedimientos de control de operaciones de concentración económica aplicados en el marco del derecho de la competencia. Se analizan así las principales características que deben tener las transacciones para ser consideradas como operaciones de concentración, y los principales problemas de competencia que pueden generar según el tipo de concentración que sea. Se estudian también las principales atenuantes y remedios que existen para dichos problemas, y se revé la experiencia comparada en seis jurisdicciones: Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, México y la Argentina.
7
artículo
En este artículo se estudian los principios básicos que subyacen detrás de los procedimientos de control de operaciones de concentración económica aplicados en el marco del derecho de la competencia. Se analizan así las principales características que deben tener las transacciones para ser consideradas como operaciones de concentración, y los principales problemas de competencia que pueden generar según el tipo de concentración que sea. Se estudian también las principales atenuantes y remedios que existen para dichos problemas, y se revé la experiencia comparada en seis jurisdicciones: Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, México y la Argentina.
8
artículo
Publicado 2021
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In this paper, the authors analyze the notification thresholds in merger control based on a conceptual and practical perspective. This, considering its treatment in doctrine, comparative law and guidelines from different countries and institutions in order to present a complete and grounded vision on the subject
9
artículo
Publicado 2021
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In this paper, the authors analyze the notification thresholds in merger control based on a conceptual and practical perspective. This, considering its treatment in doctrine, comparative law and guidelines from different countries and institutions in order to present a complete and grounded vision on the subject
10
artículo
Publicado 2021
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This article explores the subject of merger operations, specifically, on digital platforms. Thus, it analyzes the possible risks of these and the challenges that antitrust agencies must face when analyzing them. In this way, the authors highlight various characteristics of this market such as its dynamism and unpredictability, which allows it to adapt to the increase in demand, and the important role of user data in merger operations.To fulfill this objective, the article begins with a theoretical approach, providing definitions of key concepts for the understanding of merger operations on digital platforms. Nevertheless, it also offers a practical analysis, by exploring how these types of mergers have been taking place in reality, through recent cases of judgements relevance.
11
artículo
Publicado 1998
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Thermodynamic simulation models have been developed to observe the behavior of the minor elements Zn, Pb, As, Sb and Bi; as well as the major elements Cu, Fe, Si, 0 and S in the conversion and fusion processes: NORANDA and ISASMELT for the production of copper-rich mattes. The Noranda process shows a steady state model for obtaining a high-grade matte in metallic copper. The lsasmelt process is based on the concept of the two independent reaction sites in the bath (slag-killing interface): rapid oxidation and slow reduction. The heat balance of the process and the distribution thermodynamics of the minor elements are united and expressed in terms of the process variables such as temperature, enriched 02, composition of the charge, degree of matte and content of the magnetite in the Slag and other variables are incorporated into the modeling, which can predict the operating effects of che...
12
artículo
Publicado 1998
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Thermodynamic simulation models have been developed to observe the behavior of the minor elements Zn, Pb, As, Sb and Bi; as well as the major elements Cu, Fe, Si, 0 and S in the conversion and fusion processes: NORANDA and ISASMELT for the production of copper-rich mattes. The Noranda process shows a steady state model for obtaining a high-grade matte in metallic copper. The lsasmelt process is based on the concept of the two independent reaction sites in the bath (slag-killing interface): rapid oxidation and slow reduction. The heat balance of the process and the distribution thermodynamics of the minor elements are united and expressed in terms of the process variables such as temperature, enriched 02, composition of the charge, degree of matte and content of the magnetite in the Slag and other variables are incorporated into the modeling, which can predict the operating effects of che...
13
artículo
Publicado 2020
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COVID-19 has undoubtedly generated a business crisis that will not be easy to resolve. In this context, the failing firm defense becomes especially relevant, having been expressly introduced for a few months in Peruvian legislation on the occasion of the pandemic through Legislative Decree 1510, in order for the competition agency to take this aspect into account in its merger control decisions. Although, subsequently through Law 31112, Law that establishes merger control, the failing firm defense is o mentioned, this law leaves open the possibility of its application.In this article, the authors analyze the failing firm defense, in order to comprehend its importance in the context of the pandemic. Also, they propose guidelines and amendments to strengthen the regulation of Law 31112.
14
artículo
Publicado 2020
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This document analyses the disenchantment and failure of the Paraguayan Competition Act, Law 4956, after seven years since it came to effect.In this article, the author studies the Competition Act, its history, as well as the Competition Authority –CONACOM–, its structure, and resolutions. Aditionally, she presents the conclusions and recommendations for its reform and future challenges.
15
artículo
Publicado 2017
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This article presents the dilemma faced by real investors with the emergence of a takeover bid on an existing company. The private benefits that accrue from control mean that defence mechanisms are deployed in the event of a takeover that is considered to be hostile. The article has been written with the sole intention of providing an educational case study for the teaching of Mergers and Acquisitions and Corporate Governance. The character Ricky Spanish is fictional and does not disguise the identity of any real investor. Local press articles and official documents such as company information prospectuses were examined during the preparation of the case study. The facts presented are accurate but the article is not intended to be a work of history. Theory-based analysis permits an approach to the problem of assessed value, which is contrasted with market value. Different scenarios and a...
16
artículo
Desafíos del Derecho de la Competencia Ecuatoriano, luego del Examen Inter-pares de la OCDE y el BID
Publicado 2023
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The Peer Review assessment by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, in collaboration with the Inter-American Development Bank, was a valuable effort to submit the Ecuadorian competition regime to a multilateral peer review. The evaluation revealed opportunities for improvement which constitute relevant challenges to develop the Ecuadorian competition law and policy.We will analyze some of the main findings. We will begin with an explanation of the constitutional basis of the Ecuadorian competition regime. Then, we will review the Report regarding the institutional bodies. We will present a state-of-the-art of enforcement function and judicial review. Subsequently, we will analyze the main comments regarding merger control. Finally, we state conclusions.
17
artículo
Publicado 2023
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This paper discusses the considerations for compliance with antitrust regulation in the transfer of control in the secondary market of the Stock Market by means of the transfer of shares through the Lima Stock Exchange. The analysis considers the relevant aspects of the applicable regulation, previous rulings by the competition authority and the information of the stock exchange transactions and Public Tender Offers that have been made public through the web site of the Securities Market Authority.
18
artículo
Publicado 2020
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On May 11, 2020, during the health and economic crisis caused by COVID-19, Legislative Decree 1510 was issued, which made a few amendments to various rules on free and fair competition. One of the amendments provided that the Law on Merger Control added, as a criterion to be considered for the procedures for assessing a merger, the financial crisis of one of the companies concerned and the need to carry out the merger duly accredited by the notifying parties. In this paper, the author observes that the fact that one of the companies is undergoing financial difficulties is not sufficient to allow for flexibility in the merger control. To demonstrate this, he presents a brief description of the failing firm defense from a historical perspective, the most relevant precedents in the United States and the European Union, and the current requirements for its accreditation in those jurisdiction...
19
tesis de maestría
Publicado 2025
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Linde PLC, es una compañía líder en la producción, venta y distribución de gases industriales y medicinales a nivel mundial. Las ventas en 2023 alcanzaron los 33,000 millones de dólares, teniendo mayor participación en las industrias químicas, energía, manufactura, salud, metales y minería. El mercado atendido por la corporación se divide en regiones, siendo la región de América la que contribuye con el 43% de las ventas a nivel mundial, destacando los países de Canadá, EEUU, México y Brasil. Linde Perú SRL es una empresa subsidiaria de Linde PLC y que atiende a nivel nacional a las industrias químicas, metalúrgica minería, energía y salud. En el año 1996 inició sus actividades en Perú y ante la demanda de sus clientes, invirtió en la construcción de su planta criogénica de gases, la cual fue terminada en 1998. Además, para los años 2005 y 2007, se construyer...
20
artículo
Publicado 2020
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En el presente artículo, los autores contemplan la necesidad de implementar un mecanismo de control de fusiones para el sector eléctrico. Como punto de partida, se observa el contexto previo a la promulgación de las normas relacionadas con el actual. A partir de esto, los autores realizan un análisis para determinar si aún debe haber control de concentraciones en este sector.
