Introducción: El abuso de fármacos anticolinérgicos es un problema que ocasionalmente se ha reportado en laliteratura médica aunque al parecer su frecuencia puede ser mayor a lo considerado usualmente; sobre todo enpacientes con esquizofrenia, donde se indica anticolinérgicos para contrarrestar los síntomas extrapiramidalessecundarios al uso de antipsicóticos, es donde se detectan la mayoría de casos. Método: reportamos cuatro casos depacientes con esquizofrenia que abusaban de anticolinérgicos y revisamos la literatura pertinente. Resultados: Eluso excesivo de anticolinérgicos por pacientes con esquizofrenia ha sido atribuido a su intento de controlar síntomas depresivos o negativos o la disforia inducida por antipsicóticos sin embargo no hay usualmente correlación entre el uso de antipsicóticos y el abuso de anticolinérgicos; por tanto, es menester considerar el poten...

Las automutilaciones que son objeto de atención psiquiátrica suelen ser atribuibles a enfermedades mentales gravesy acarrean alteraciones anatómicas, funcionales y estéticas importantes: las más reportadas en la literatura sonaquellas más severas (como las enucleaciones oculares y las autocastraciones), seguramente por lo llamativo desu presentación, pero existen otras automutilaciones que también pueden ser objeto de atención clínica. A partirde dos casos infrecuentes: automutilación de la mama en una mujer y de los pabellones auriculares de un varón,con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia ambos, revisamos la bibliografía pertinente y llamamos la atención sobre estosepisodios, en los que la distorsión de la imagen y esquema corporal asomaron como factores relacionados al actoautolesivo, a diferencia de los factores de riesgo más comúnmente señalados en la literatura.

This survey aimed to determine the insect pests associated with Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) and its parasitoids, under Peruvian central coast conditions. Sampling was made every seven days with the following methods: linear meter evaluations, plant organ evaluations, pitfall traps, and beating trays. Infested plant organs were taken to the laboratory for adult insect recovery (phytophagous or parasitoids). Pitfall traps and beating tray samples were also processed and stored. During the survey, 14,051 individuals belonging to 11 orders and 91 families were recorded. Insects that infested Andean lupin were Melanagromyza lini Spencer (stem borer), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (leafminer), Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) (budborer), Grammopsoides tenuicornis (Casey) (stem borer) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (bud and flower thrips). Diglyphus websteri (Crawford...

This survey aimed to determine the pollinating insects of the flowers of the cherimoya crop (Annona cherimola Mill.) located at the Program of Research and Social Projection in Fruit Trees (PIPS-FRUTALES) at the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Fifteen trees were selected randomly, and evaluations were performed from 31 October to 15 November 2018. Three replicates were performed, each replicate was formed by a set of five trees and were evaluated in three different weeks. Each tree was evaluated in four quadrants, according to the location of the flowers (external or internal) and the floral phases of the crop (female or male). The collection of the insects from the cherimoya flowers was performed using an aspirator, then the insect morphotypes were determined and classified according to order, family, genus and/or species through the use of taxonomic dichotomous keys and the sup...

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar e identificar la presencia de objetos punzocortantes en las vísceras de cerdos (Sus scrofa domesticus) inspeccionados en el post mortem en el matadero municipal de Cajamarca, Perú. A través de observación macroscópica, palpación e incisión se evaluaron las vísceras de cerdos beneficiados durante cuatro meses (de octubre de 2019 a enero de 2020). Se examinaron 6308 vísceras y se encontraron 64 objetos punzocortantes en las vísceras de 46 animales (0.73 ± 0.21%). El estómago presentó la mayor presencia de objetos punzocortantes (38.71 ± 9.90%), seguido del hígado (21.51 ± 8.35%) y los pulmones (9.68 ± 6.01%). Los objetos más comunes encontrados fueron alambres metálicos (37.50 ± 11.86%), mondadientes (26.56 ± 10.82%) y agujas pequeñas metálicas de costura (12.50 ± 8.18%). La crianza casera y extensiva de ...

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of vitamin C in the diet of turkeys reared in a natural hypoxic environment (high Andean zone of Peru, 2750 masl), on productive performance, hematological values, stress status and immune function. One-day-old Hybrid Converter turkeys were assigned to 5 groups of 5 replicates. The birds of the 5 groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg of vitamin C for 91 days. Vitamin C decreased heterophile / lymphocyte levels (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, vitamin C at a level greater than or equal to 1000 mg / kg decreased bird mortality (p < 0.05), reduced the stress indicator (p < 0.05), increased the antibody titer (p < 0.05), but did not improve growth parameters (p > 0.05). Consequently, dietary supplementation with vitamin C could regulate productive performance, by re...

The effectiveness of feed access time and alfalfa supplementation in finishing commercial turkeys and under natural hypobaric conditions was studied. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to assess the main effects of time of access to feed (12 and 24 h/d) and supplementation with alfalfa (0 and 1% of body weight). Additionally, the sex factor was considered to analyse the data of carcass characteristics, cardiac indices and haematological parameters. A total of 256 70-day-old Hybrid Converter turkeys were assigned to four treatments, each with four replications (8 males and 8 females in mixed-flock). All birds received the same diets for the first 70 days of age. The treatments were 12h/d-0%, 12h/d-1%, 24h/d-0% and 24h/d-1%. At 91 days of age the birds were slaughtered. No interactions or differences were observed in the main effects for feed intake, but there was a grea...

The study aimed to determine the effect of flaxseed in the diet of fattening turkeys on growth, carcass performance, haematological parameters and lipid metabolites. In total, 160 male Hybrid Converter turkeys of 42 days of age and body weight of 2.41 + 0.13 kg were randomly distributed in 4 treatments, each one with 4 repetitions of 10 birds. The turkeys received diets with 0% (control diet), 5, 10 and 15% raw flaxseed without grinding. Turkeys of the 10% treatment, in the phase from 43 to 91 days of age, obtained greater body weight gain and better feed conversion. Turkey carcass yield decreased with 15% flaxseed in the diet; however, the carcass contained less abdominal fat compared to the 0, 5 and 10% treatments. Treatment with 15% reduced serum cholesterol and flaxseed cholesterol at any level (5, 10, and 15%) can reduce serum triglycerides.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding garlic, cranberry or turmeric as a replacement for bacitracin in Turkey diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, lipid content and antioxidant status of meat. In total, 500 male Hybrid Converter Turkeys were used from 42 to 98 days of age. The birds were assigned to five dietary treatments (5 repetitions per treatment and 10 birds for repetition) and fed isocaloric and isonitrogenated diets. In the control group no additive ingredients were added, while the experimental groups consumed diets with 0.05% zinc bacitracin, 1% garlic powder, 1% cranberry powder or 1% turmeric powder. The additives had no effect on growth performance and carcass yield, while Turkeys fed diets containing garlic, blueberry, and turmeric showed lower abdominal fat weight, lower cholesterol content, and lower lipid oxidation of meat in compar...

Con el objetivo de evaluar de manera preliminar poblaciones de morfotipos con patrones de marcadores fenotípicos de resistencia a infección artificial por miracidio para su utilización en el control de fasciolosis en ganado vacuno, se multiplicaron los hospedadores intermediarios con resistencia a formas infectivas de Fasciola hepatica en condiciones de laboratorio, se recogieron 850 caracoles de las acequias y zonas pantanosas de 8 rebaños ubicados en los distritos de La Encañada y Baños del Inca, Perú, ubicados a una altitud de 2.626 a 3.115 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm), del género Lymnaea viatrix, seleccionándose 400 caracoles con patrones de susceptibilidad / resistencia a infección artificial por miracidio (morfometría de la concha, conducta de ovoposición, patrón de pigmentación del manto). Se probaron dos métodos de crianza de multiplicación de morfotipos o...

The causative agent of fasciolosis in South America is thought to be Fasciola hepatica. In this study, Fasciola flukes from Peru were analyzed to investigate their genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships with those from other countries. Fasciola flukes were collected from the three definitive host species: cattle, sheep, and pigs. They were identified as F. hepatica because mature sperms were observed in their seminal vesicles, and also they displayed Fh type, which has an identical fragment pattern to F. hepatica in the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1. Eight haplotypes were obtained from the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) sequences of Peruvian F. hepatica; however, no special difference in genetic structure was observed between the three host species. Its extremely low genetic diversity suggests that the Peruvian population was introduced from other reg...

El presente estudio determina la prevalencia delos huevos deFasciola hepatica, Calicophoronspp.y la infección mixta en vacunos de crianza al pastoreode seispobladosganaderosdel distrito de Florida,Amazonas(Perú).Mediantela técnica desedimentación natural se examinaron 358muestrasfecales. La prevalencia deF.hepaticafue 69.83% (IC95% 65.08–74.59), seguido de Calicophoronspp.60.34% (IC95% 55.27–65.40) y una prevalencia de infección mixta 41.62% (IC95% 36.51–46.73).La presencia de huevos de F. hepaticano tuvo diferencias entre los poblados, lasrazasy el grupo etario (P>0.05).La presencia de Calicophoronspp.y la infección mixta con F. hepaticapresentarondiferencias entre pobladosy la raza (P<0.05), a diferencia del grupo etario que fueron similares estadísticamente (P>0.05). Se halló una alta prevalencia dehuevos fecales deF.hepaticay Calicophoronspp., situaciónque podría esta...

La fasciolosis producida por Fasciola hepatica es una importante enfermedad parasitaria de la ganadería en muchos países. En Cajamarca, Perú, se reportan prevalencias superiores al 80% en el ganado lechero. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de proliferación y la expresión de citoquinas (IFN-γ e IL-4) en células mononucleares de sangre periférica de terneras y vacas naturalmente infectadas, contra el antígeno no específico fitohemaglutinina y los antígenos específicos de excreción-secreción del estadio inmaduro y maduro de F. hepatica. La capacidad proliferativa fue determinada por linfoproliferación in vitro y la expresión de citoquinas se evaluó en sobrenadantes de cultivo celular por la técnica de ELISA. Las vacas infectadas con F. hepatica mostraron una disminución de la capacidad de respuesta frente a estímulos proliferativos inespecíficos y espec�...

Chickens play an essential role in the global economy and household nutrition. The farming system, particularly extensive or backyard production, affects their productivity due to intestinal parasites, with Ascaridia galli being the most prevalent. Various active compounds are utilized to mitigate its impact; however, improper administration frequently leads to resistant parasites. In some instances, efficacy assessments are not conducted, leaving the effectiveness of different drugs uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and controlled efficacy of levamisole in poultry experimentally infected with A. galli in Cajamarca, Peru. Thirty Gallus gallus domesticus chicks were experimentally infected with 210 embryonated A. galli eggs. After confirming established infection through weekly fecal egg counts, 20 birds with ≥ 100 EPG were selected and randomly assigned to control (n...

We reviewed 113 Clinical Records from the Archive of the Dos de Mayo Hospital since 1976 to 1983, about the mediastinum pathology.  The present retrospective study has as purpose to find the incidence of the mediastinal diseases in our hospital and the findings will be showh in tables and sometimes in grafphics.  We have to remember that the mediastinal pathology is usually responsible of a variable clinical picture, wich is important in the cases of the patients with mediastinal syndromes. 

Varroasis is a disease caused by arachnids of the genus Varroa, an obligatory parasite of bees and the cause of high mortality. The present study aimed to report the prevalence of Varroa spp in the apiary of the Fundo Tartar Pecuario of the National University of Cajamarca, Peru and resistance factors associated with the production and temperament of the hives and nuclei. The sampling was carried out in December 2019. The average prevalence of Varroa spp in the four nuclei sampled was 1.62 ± 0.61% and in the three hives it was 1.11 ± 0.5%, being 1.39 ± 0.41% for the apiary. All the nuclei and hives were classified with good production (1 to 2 floors) and in terms of temperament: 1 calm nucleus, 1 aggressive and 2 very aggressive, while the three hives were very aggressive. It is concluded that the quality of being a nucleus or hive does not influence the production or temperament of t...

A study was carried out to determine the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (BED) on the productive performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites of guinea pig in an experimental farm in Cajamarca, Peru. In total, 150 male guinea pigs distributed in five treatments with five levels of BED: 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mEq/kg. Each treatment had six repetitions and each repetition with five guinea pigs/pen. The guinea pigs consumed concentrated feed for 42 days. At the end of the experimental period, six guinea pigs per treatment were slaughtered to determine the carcass yield, relative weights of the viscera and concentration of blood metabolites. Differences (p<0.05) were found in final body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion index in favour of guinea pigs with BED of 300 mEq/kg. There were no significant differences between treatments in carcass characteristic...

Although oxfendazole (OFZ) is a well know broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic, the assessment of its potential trematodicidal activity remains unexplored. OFZ administration at single high doses has been recommended to control Taenia solium cysticercus in pigs. The current study investigated the flukicidal activity obtained after a single high (30 mg/kg) oral dose of OFZ in pigs harbouring a natural Fasciola hepatica infection. Sixteen (16) local ecotype pigs were randomly allocated into two (2) experimental groups of 8 animals each named as follow: Untreated control and OFZ treated, in which animals received OFZ (Synanthic®, Merial Ltd., 9.06% suspension) orally at 30 mg/kg. At seven (7) days post-treatment, all the animals were sacrificed and direct adult liver fluke counts were performed following the WAAVP guidelines. None of the animals involved in this experiment showed any ...

The present study aimed to characterize the guinea pig breeding system in three provinces of the Cajamarca Region, Peru. A structured survey was applied to 1231 producers (401 from Cajamarca, 360 from San Marcos and 470 from Cajabamba). The predominant production system is family-commercial (67% of producers). The Peru breed is preferred by producers, rearing the animals in pools. Most of the producers have less than 49 guinea pigs in a 0.5 to 5 ha land area. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) being the forage most used in the feeding of guinea pigs. More than 80% of producers do not receive technical assistance and more than 87% are not part of a breeder association. In the sanitary characterization, 1 to 5 guinea pigs die per week and per producer, especially in the lactating class. The most reported disease is salmonellosis, which is identified by alterations in the liver.

Background The aim of the investigation was to determine the risk factors for human fascioliasis in schoolchildren in five localities of the Baños del Inca district in Cajamarca, Peru. Secondarily, the prevalence of infection among this population was also studied. Methods A questionnaire was applied to 270 schoolchildren from 6–12 years of age and to their parents with the aim of collecting information related to risk factors predisposing the children to Fasciola hepatica infection. Faecal samples from all the children were tested for F. hepatica using the modified rapid sedimentation method of Lumbreras and the technique of Kato–Katz for egg counts. Results Risk factors were identified as follows—raising cattle, consumption of radishes and chewing grass. The prevalence of F. hepatica in Baños del Inca was 6.30%; there was no significant difference by sex or age. Conclusion Risk...