The existence of electric currents aligned with the magnetic field at low latitudes has been inferred using the methods of Gettemy [1] and Fukushima [2] applied to the magnetic data recorded in Peru during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and the International Equatorial Electrojet Year (IEEY). The representation of the solar quiet daily magnetic variation, Sq, using magnetic contour maps of the D, H, and Z components of the magnetic field recorded at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory (OMH) for the two time periods(1957 - 1958 and 1990 - 1991) was designed to visualize the seasonal changes in the daily variation. The maps obtained in this work are similar to the ones obtained by Gettemy [1] for the Magnetic Observatory at Koror (OMK) at the Palao Islands (Pacific Ocean) during IGY. The magnetic contour maps for the components of the magnetic field recorded at the Observatory of A...

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices and satellite-recorded Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) will be used to construct a drought onset prediction model for North Coast of Peru through a multiple linear regression. Monthly NDVI and ENSO indices anomaly data for the period July 1981 to December 2003 were used to develop the model. The objective of the work, first part, is to do a description of how and where the data are obtained and it does calculate their anomalies. NDVI anomaly time series, in the period 1981-2003 were compared with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. A visual inspection of the anomalies plot shows a correlation in the 82-83 and 97-98 Niños. NDVI of the Loreto region in the jungle of Peru doesn’t show any change in relation to ENSO indixs.

Spectral analysis has been applied to time series of monthly mean values of D, H and Z components of the geomagnetic field recorded at the Huancayo Observatory (HMO). The maximum entropy spectral analysis technique, according to the algorithm by J.P. Burg, was used to calculate the coefficients for the errorprediction filter, and Akaike's criteria was used to obtain the length of the error prediction filter. The technique of fast Fourier transform as also applied to the same data with the porpose of comparison with the results obtained with the maximum entropy technique. Polynomials of second and third degrees were fitted to the D and H time series respectively by the least squares method, and a Fourier series with 30 harmonics was fitted to the Z time series. After removal of the tendency, which explains much of the secular variation of internal origin, the residual variations exhibit f...

In this work has been implemented the model of atmospheric correction denominated “Simplified Method for the Atmospheric Correction” (SMAC). It consists of determining the relation between the reflectance calculated on the top of the atmosphere and the reflectance calculated at the surface of the soil using mathematical algorithms of radiative transference, Rayleigh`s scattering, scattering of aerosols, and others. One has compared the values of reflectance in the top of the atmosphere and the reflectance of the surface of the ground, obtaining like result a linear relation of the these two amounts with a value of he slope equal to 1.44. The value of slope greater than 1 indicates that an acceptable atmospheric correction has been made. In order to validate the model has been obtained the values of the reflectance of the surface of the ground using the 5S model, obtaining a coefficie...

The objective of this work is the analysis of the sea surface temperature (SST), estimating of the NOAA / AVHRR data, near the Peruvian coast for their application in the determination of the thermal fronts and in the study of El Niño phenomenon. The study of area is location between the geographies coordinate, (90º W, 0ºS) left upper corner and (70º W, 20º S) right lower corner. The crude image data level 1b LAC and GAC from AVHRR sensor of the NOAA polar orbit satellite’s series has been derived of the NOAA archive active. The Pacha Ricaj software has been designed for read and display the crude image, inverse, geometric corrections execute, cloud filter and SST estimate. The resulting derives are the diary and monthly SST images. In the Peruvian coast, the SST is less in magnitude than off the coast. In this imagines has been observed many cloud over sea and land that have disa...

The calibration of the original HRPT and LAC images, corresponding to channels 1 and 2 of the AVHRR sensor of the NOAA-14 satellite in polar orbit has been undertaken with the purpose of estimating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) above Peru. The imagery data used were obtained from IMARPE, ABTEMA, INPE and SAA, and are in binary 16 bits per pixel format for the 5 channels. Reflectance images for channels 1 and 2 images have been obtained in 16 bits (data type: integers). Afterwards, the NDVI is obtained using an equation in which the information from the reflectance images is used. The imagery data product of the vegetation indices are obtained for every day from January to Febrary 1999. We pretend to obtain monthly and 10-day images to get an average NDVI using the method of compound máxima. Finally, we are preparing a time series for this parameter from January 1980 ...

The main purpose of this work is to study the relationship between the soil electrical conductivity measured in-situ (CEe) and the satellite reflectance images of the Landsat-7 ETM sensor bands for an understanding of the spatial salinity distribution in Lambayeque. The study area was the Chacra Vieja, El Cienago fundo in the District of Lambayeque. Measurement field of CEe (dS/m) was held in the October 2007 and June 2008. The reflectance data was extracted from two satellite images taken in February 21, 2007 and February 08, 2008 from the sensor Landsat7 ETM +. Images were processed with ENVI 4.5 software and to determine the CEe of the soil samples, we used a conductivity meter, mark JENWAY 4520 and to locate the area sampling points, a GPS, Garmin was employed. The correlation coefficients (R) between the CEe in-situ and the reflectance varied from 0.062 to 0.784. The reflectance of ...

The objective of this work is the estimation of the temperature of the sea surface in the Eastern Pacific Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere from the images of the meteorological satellite of polar orbit NOAA-14 (National Administration of Atmospheric Oceanography). The study area ranges from the Peruvian coast, 70 ° W to 90 ° W of geographic longitude and from 2 ° S to 22 ° S of geographic latitude. This parameter will be applied in the determination of thermal fronts or fishing fronts. The original HRPT (High Resolution Picture Transmition) format image data is from January 1999. During the initial processing of the image data, the original HRPT format (16 bits) has been converted into another BURL format (Bradford University Research Limited) (10 bits) of interest to us. The threshold technique has been used on channels 1 and 5 for the removal of clouds. The size of the original ima...

The aim of this work is to study the dynamics of aerosols in Peru and South America at latitude 4°N-24°S and at longitude 83°W-33°W, from monthly averages images Aerosol Optical Thickness, AOT, at 550 nm wavelength measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS, sensor onboard the TERRA and AQUA satellites for a period of fourteen years, from 2000 to 2013. The AOT data in-situ in 6 AERONET stations of South America that includes four from Brazil, such as, Rio Branco, Paraná Ji, Alta Foresta, and Campo Grande; from Chile, the Arica station and from Bolivia, La Paz station, and 166 AOT-MODIS-TERRA data images from the monthly products obtained during the period 2000 to 2013, and 138 AOT-MODIS-AQUA data images from the monthly products obtained during the period 2002 to 2013 which was estimated using the Giovanni Web-based online visualization and analysis tool wi...

The coastal trapped waves dominates the biological and physical process in the Perú and Chile coastal zone, affecting his variability, development and persistence. We using registered sea level data from La Libertad, Paita, Lobos de Afuera, Callao, San Juan, Arica and Antofagasta obtained by University of Hawaii Sea Level Center, determining the velocity and direction of coastal trapped waves applying spectral and correlation analysis techniques. The low frequency variations, less to 0.2 cicles of sea level per day, show a high spatial coherence and behave like non-dispersive waves which travel from North to South with a 250 km/day approximate velocity.

The change climate processes have called attention of science in recent decades; situations such as desertification and drought are issues of great importance. Where it was the interest to study the soil salinity and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from images of the ETM + and TM sensors, these images were processed using the software ENVI 4.5 and IDL programming language. For this purpose, we implemented an artificial neural network with error back propagation architecture, for classifying soil salinity, using as input data of images NDVI and data soil electrical conductivity for the training. The areas studies were the commission irrigation Muy Finca and the districts of Morrope and Lambayeque belonging to the region Lambayeque-Peru. For the neural network architecture using 2 hidden layers presenting a training error of 0.27, these results were evaluated using the co...

This work was supported by FONDECYT through the project: “Monitoreo de la dinámica de fenómenos ambientales y climáticos extremos en el Perú usando la teledetección por satélite”, funded by USAID through the PEER Project: “Strengthening resilience of Andean river basin headwaters facing global change” (PGA-084063) and “AGUA-ANDES: Ecological Infrastructure Strategies for Enhancing Water Sustainability in the Semi-Arid Andes” (PGA-174194), as well as by CONDESAN through the Project: “Investigación sobre una relación de dependencia entre la tasa de cambio de temperatura y la altitud”. JCE received partial support of the AMANECER project funded by the MOPGA program of the French Government. Additionally, we extend our gratitude to the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru (SENAMHI-Peru) for providing data used in this study. Finally, the authors are grat...