The present study aims to comprehensively assess the solar irradiance patterns in the western zone of the Mantaro Valley, a region of ecological and agricultural significance in the central Peruvian Andes. Leveraging radiation data from the Baseline surface Radiation Network (BSRN) sensors located in the Huancayo Geophysical Observatory (HYGO-12.04°S,75.32°W, 3350 masl) spanning from 2017 to 2022, the research delves into the seasonal variations and trends in surface solar irradiance components. Actually, the study investigates the diurnal and seasonal variations of solar irradiance components, namely diffuse (EDF), direct (EDR), and global (EG) irradiance. Results demonstrate distinct peaks and declines across seasons, with EDR and EDF exhibiting opposing seasonal trends, influencing the overall variability in, EG. Peaks of, EG occurred in spring (3.32 MJ m⁻² h⁻¹ at noon), parti...

La variabilidad del océano Pacífico tropical es dominada por El Niño–Oscilación Sur (ENSO). Sin embargo esta no es la única fuente de variabilidad ya que existen señales muy importantes en escalas de tiempo decadales, bienales, intra-estacionales y cercanas a la anual. En este artículo se presenta un procedimiento para la identificación de la variabilidad cercana a la anual, haciendo uso de herramientas estadísticas (Fashe y Dewitte, 2013) sobre datos de satélite.

This study assesses the influence of PM₁₀ on the optical thickness of aerosols in the central Andes of Peru, in addition to analyzing and establishing their circulation patterns from July to October 2017. This particular period is considered herein because the largest biomass burning events are usually recorded during these months. The regional meteorological-chemistry transport model WRF-Chem (version 3.7) was used with the Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINN) fire emissions dataset and aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from the Aerosol Robotic Network monitoring network (AERONET), which has a CIMEL sun photometer located at the Huancayo Observatory, the most important city in the central highlands of Peru. The simulation used a single domain with a grid size of 18 km and 32 vertical levels. Results showed an increase in PM₁₀ concentrations with an increase in the number of fire outbr...

The objective of this work is the estimation of the temperature of the sea surface in the Eastern Pacific Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere from the images of the meteorological satellite of polar orbit NOAA-14 (National Administration of Atmospheric Oceanography). The study area ranges from the Peruvian coast, 70 ° W to 90 ° W of geographic longitude and from 2 ° S to 22 ° S of geographic latitude. This parameter will be applied in the determination of thermal fronts or fishing fronts. The original HRPT (High Resolution Picture Transmition) format image data is from January 1999. During the initial processing of the image data, the original HRPT format (16 bits) has been converted into another BURL format (Bradford University Research Limited) (10 bits) of interest to us. The threshold technique has been used on channels 1 and 5 for the removal of clouds. The size of the original ima...

The calibration of the original HRPT and LAC images, corresponding to channels 1 and 2 of the AVHRR sensor of the NOAA-14 satellite in polar orbit has been undertaken with the purpose of estimating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) above Peru. The imagery data used were obtained from IMARPE, ABTEMA, INPE and SAA, and are in binary 16 bits per pixel format for the 5 channels. Reflectance images for channels 1 and 2 images have been obtained in 16 bits (data type: integers). Afterwards, the NDVI is obtained using an equation in which the information from the reflectance images is used. The imagery data product of the vegetation indices are obtained for every day from January to Febrary 1999. We pretend to obtain monthly and 10-day images to get an average NDVI using the method of compound máxima. Finally, we are preparing a time series for this parameter from January 1980 ...

The Cordillera Blanca, located in the central zone of the Andes Mountains in Peru, has shown a retreat in its glaciers. This paper presents a trend analysis of the glacier area over the groups of Nevados Caullaraju-Pastoruri from 1975 to 2010 using Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. In the case of the Nevados Pastoruri/Tuco, the study period was extended back to 1957 by using an aerial photograph taken that year. The extent of clean glacier ice was estimated using Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) thresholds. Moreover, the estimation of debris-covered glacier ice was retrieved by means of a decision tree classification method using NDSI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST). Area estimations derived from Landsat imagery were compared to the glacier ground-truth data in 1975 and 2010. Results show a statistically significant (p < 0.05...

The Cordillera Blanca, located in the central zone of the Andes Mountains in Peru, has shown a retreat in its glaciers. This paper presents a trend analysis of the glacier area over the groups of Nevados Caullaraju-Pastoruri from 1975 to 2010 using Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. In the case of the Nevados Pastoruri/Tuco, the study period was extended back to 1957 by using an aerial photograph taken that year. The extent of clean glacier ice was estimated using Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) thresholds. Moreover, the estimation of debris-covered glacier ice was retrieved by means of a decision tree classification method using NDSI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST). Area estimations derived from Landsat imagery were compared to the glacier ground-truth data in 1975 and 2010. Results show a statistically significant (p < 0.05...