Indica que el fenómeno de transporte o movimiento de masa se produce cuando una sustancia se transfiere a través de otra u otras a escala molecular, esto ocurre al ponerse en contacto dos sustancias con composiciones químicas diferentes, por lo que la sustancia que se difunde abandona una región de alta concentración y pasa a otra de concentración menor. Señala que la transferencia de masa puede ocurrir en los sólidos, líquidos y gases. Asimismo, el presente texto aborda la transferencia de masa por difusión, haciendo uso de las leyes de Fick, y también la transferencia de masa por convección. Además, contiene la difusión molecular de acuerdo a su aplicación en gases, líquidos y sólidos; los diferentes métodos para calcular los coeficientes de transferencia de masa, y las analogías que existen entre la transferencia de masa y de calor; y por último, la transferencia d...

Organic production is nowadays more important for the care of the environment. Therefore, fresh horticultural products such as green beans produced with organic compost are healthier and are influenced by their sensory characteristics. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of organic compost on the biometric characteristics of fruits and leaves, texture, and sensory attributes of fresh green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), as assessed by consumers. A completely randomized design (CRD) with five experimental treatments with different levels of organic compost was used. The results show the direct influence of the level of organic compost concentration on foliar characteristics, as the concentration of compost increases, its chemical properties are increased. However, there is no direct influence on biometric, firmness, physical-chemical, and color characteristics. The S...

La presente tesis tuvo como Objetivo: Determinar en qué medida influye la concentración de coagulantes cloruro férrico y policloruro de aluminio y sus combinaciones en la remoción de turbidez de los efluentes de una planta de conservas de pescado. Metodología: La eficiencia de la coagulación fue determinada experimentalmente usando un equipo de prueba de jarras, tratando un volumen de 2 L de agua residual a una velocidad de agitación en la coagulación de 120 r.p.m., por un tiempo de 5 min; y en la etapa de floculación se usó una velocidad de 50 r.p.m. en la agitación durante un tiempo de 5 min. Resultados: Cuando se evaluó la eficiencia de los coagulantes FeCl3 y PAC de forma individual y combinada, se mantuvo constante la concentración del floculante de polímero aniónico de alto peso molecular en 60 ppm, siendo las concentraciones óptimas del FeCl3 y del PAC de 2400 ppm ...

La investigación presentada se orientó a la propuesta de mejora de la eficiencia de una línea de envasado hotfill en una empresa productora y comercializadora de bebidas no alcohólicas, a través de la aplicación de las herramientas de la metodología del mantenimiento productivo total (TPM). Se empezó realizando un análisis acerca de la demanda externa, regional y local de las bebidas hotfill, donde se evidenciaba un constante crecimiento, obligando al área comercial en que las metas vayan acordes al mercado. Sin embargo, el área operativa no lograba cumplir con ello, ocasionando se realicen horas extras de trabajo y aparecieran costos no proyectados. Se desarrolló el análisis de los datos históricos de la empresa, identificándose tres grandes problemas: indisponibilidad de máquinas, bajo rendimiento de los equipos y bajo nivel del cumplimiento de las órdenes de trabajo d...

La investigación presentada se orientó a la propuesta de mejora de la eficiencia de una línea de envasado hotfill en una empresa productora y comercializadora de bebidas no alcohólicas, a través de la aplicación de las herramientas de la metodología del mantenimiento productivo total (TPM). Se empezó realizando un análisis acerca de la demanda externa, regional y local de las bebidas hotfill, donde se evidenciaba un constante crecimiento, obligando al área comercial en que las metas vayan acordes al mercado. Sin embargo, el área operativa no lograba cumplir con ello, ocasionando se realicen horas extras de trabajo y aparecieran costos no proyectados. Se desarrolló el análisis de los datos históricos de la empresa, identificándose tres grandes problemas: indisponibilidad de máquinas, bajo rendimiento de los equipos y bajo nivel del cumplimiento de las órdenes de trabajo d...

Objetivos: determinar los efectos de metales pesados en el cultivo de maíz. Materiales y métodos: Se determinó la concentración de los metales pesados Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg., en las aguas de la cuenca baja del rio Huaura y se evaluó su acumulación y efecto en maíz amarillo duro. También se analizó el contenido del plomo en el suelo extraído con el fin de determinar el efecto residual y la movilidad de estos elementos en el suelo a lo largo del perfil. Las parcelas de maíz se regaron con una solución de plomo con concentraciones de Pb (NO3)2 al 0.005%. Por espacio de dos meses y las del área testigo con agua potable de la Universidad. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de los datos obtenidos, análisis de varianza y comparación de medias empleando la prueba de Duncan para un nivel de probabilidad del 95%. Resultados: las cantidades de plomo se encontraron distribuidas en la raíz, h...

The study found that maximum precipitation and water retention occur in February for the Cacao sector and in October and February for the Caliza sector, with minimum values in July. The correlation between precipitation and temperature is −0.43 for both sectors, while the negative correlation between retentivity and temperature is stronger in the Caliza sector (−0.467) than in the Cacao sector (−0.096). Precipitation explains 82.07% and 89.92% of the variability in retentivity for the Cacao and Caliza sectors, respectively, according to the R2 coefficients. The environmental impact analysis indicates a medium impact with a value of 5.6.

Projections of water availability in the near future are increasingly worrisome due to climate change. It is, therefore, high time to seek and develop technologies that would guarantee water availability in the future. In this respect, desalination of seawater is one of the most important alternatives, as specific attention needs to be directed at improving the existing techniques of it. This is why updating information about new achievements for researchers is so important in improving such technologies. This comprehensive review article analyzes advancements in seawater desalination through a bibliometric study encompassing 8523 scientific papers published from 1966 to 2023. The analysis identifies eight key research areas, highlighting significant improvements in energy efficiency and membrane technology. The review examines innovative approaches, including the application of nanopart...

The Moche River water is contaminated due to informal mining and other anthropogenic activities. The pollutants are primarily organic matter and heavy metals, which contribute to the water’s elevated color and turbidity levels. This contaminated water is used for irrigating surrounding areas, leading to the production of contaminated crops. Monitoring color and turbidity requires expensive instruments. In this study, a water sample was collected from the district of Poroto, located in the province of Trujillo, La Libertad region. Approximately 200 L were sampled, with a pH of 5.2 and a turbidity of 12.04 NTU. The research employs a combined treatment process involving coagulants, specifically ferric sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, followed by filtration through activated carbon. Additionally, a low-cost monitoring system using an Arduino-based turbidimeter and colorimeter is propose...

In the present study, the influence of temperature and activating agents in the production of activated carbon from peach pits was evaluated to determine the most effective removal of water hardness. To obtain experimental data, activation was carried out using a 1:1 ratio of KOH, H3PO4, ZnCl2, and H2SO4 at temperatures of 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. The results indicate that the highest preparation yield was achieved with carbon activated by H3PO4 at 400°C, resulting in a 47% yield. In all activation cases, the surface acidity, determined by Boehm titration, exceeded the basic character. The predominant acidic character was obtained with ZnCl2 at 500°C, reaching 62.08 mol%; acid character analyses were supported by zero-charge point pH analysis. The best iodine index analysis results were 797.22 mg/g and 747.72 mg/g, obtained with ZnCl2 at 400°C and 600°C, respectively. The activate...

The aim of this research was to determine the efficiency of activated carbon obtained from coconut (Cocos nucifera) endocarp in the reduction of color in runoff water to improve its quality. For this purpose, activated carbon was produced at a carbonization temperature of 700 °C in a time of 30 minutes and phosphoric acid at a concentration of 85% was used as an activating agent. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of 3 treatments (100, 50 and 25 g of activated carbon) and a control (without treatment), with three replicates of each treatment, where 1 L of water from the uptake was filtered. It was determined that the best percentage removal was obtained with treatment 3 (T3) in the reduction of color and turbidity with average values of 97.56% and 97.11%, respectively. An activated carbon filter was installed in the San Lorenzo - Moyobamba sector in a similar way to the...

For higher yields in vegetable cultivation, the availability of soil nutrients must be improved. Therefore, the aim of this research was to establish the relationship between stomatal density and the yield of the radish crop fertilized with compost made from organic market waste. A completely randomized block design was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments, which were T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with 00, 10, 15, 15, 20 and 25 g compost/plant respectively. The physical characteristics of the plants were evaluated from sowing to harvest and the data obtained were processed by analysis of variance and Duncan's test. Chemical analysis of the compost and soil was carried out, as well as a foliar analysis to determine the nutrient concentration by treatment. The results determined that the treatment (T4) stood out in plant length with 28.96 cm, plant weight with 43.33 g, yield of 10.82...

The present study evaluated the performance of tannery effluent treatments by coagulation processes. This was done by combining each of the organic coagulants L-1544, L-1541, and L-1700 with aluminium sulphate, respectively, as an inorganic coagulant in different mixing ratios. Subsequently, the response surface method optimized the coagulation conditions: agitation speed, time, and total coagulant concentration. The best results were obtained with the cationic coagulant based on L-1544; likewise, by superposition of contours plots, the conditions that maximize the percentages of simultaneous removal of turbidity and suspended solids were determined, the optimum coagulation values being time 4 minutes, agitation speed 169.7 rpm and total coagulant concentration 1354 ppm, obtaining 100 and 61.9 % removal of turbidity and suspended solids respectively. The R-Squared statistics show that th...

Climate change represents one of the greatest challenges we face globally, and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is among the most urgent actions. In this study, we explored an alternative approach using microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) to capture CO2 from the air, employing an Arduino-controlled biofiltration system with accessible sensors such as the MQ-135 and TESTO 535. We tested different airflow rates (50, 75, and 100 L per hour) and nutrient combinations (N/P ratios of 0, 108.33, and 216.67) to identify the most efficient conditions. Unlike other studies, we integrated real-time monitoring of variables such as CO2 concentration, temperature, and light within a modular, easily adaptable system. The best results were achieved with a flow rate of 100 L/h and an N/P ratio of 216.67, yielding a capture efficiency of 34.88 % and a daily productivity of nearly to 1 g/L. This proposa...

This research aims to determine the effect of activated carbon obtained from cocoa husks (Theobroma cacao L.) on the adsorption of iron (II) present in water of an aquifer for human consumption. Charcoal was prepared at different carbonization temperatures (500, 600 and 700 °C) for 30 minutes and activated with phosphoric acid in the proportions of 1:1. Iron (II) adsorption was determined as a function of variations in mixing speed, contact time, charcoal dosage and stirring speed. It was determined that, over the range considered, agitation speeds had no significant effect on the percentage of iron (II) removal, being the dose of activated carbon and temperature, the most influential variables. The water samples had an initial iron concentration of 3.15 mg/L and 4 mg/L. The best iron (II) adsorption result was obtained with activated carbon at the carbonization temperature of 700 °C, ...

The impact of agro-industrial waste can be reduced by using it in crop fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stomatal density and yield of radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) fertilized with biol at different concentrations, produced from sugar cane residues. A completely randomized blocks design statistical model was used, which consisted of 5 tests with 3 repetitions for each one, being T1 the control trial, and T2, T3, T4 and T5 the treatments using 2, 3, 4 and 5 L of biol in 200 L of water respectively. In terms of crop physical characteristics, the T5 treatment excelled in plant length, equatorial diameter, plant weight, as well as yield with 12.71 t/ha. Likewise, in the chemical analysis of the radish leaves, the T5 treatment showed an increase in K, Ca, Zn and MN, while the T2 did it in N, P and Cu, the T3 in Fe and the T4 in Mg. In terms of stomatal density, T5 stood ...