This article estimates and analyses the potential fiscal and distributiveeffects of a proposal to transform the current Peruvian pension system intoa multi-pillar pension system. In this new system, part of the contributionswould go to a solidarity fund to finance minimum pensions, and the rest toindividual retirement accounts. The simulation of actuarial liabilities andfuture distributions of pensions are performed using random samples fromthe database of administrative records of individuals insured by the Peruvianpublic and private pension systems as at December 2013. This study analysesthe effects of the reform on actuarial liabilities, inequality of pensions, andoverall wellbeing of pensioners, in order to illustrate the different trade-offsinvolved in pension reform. At the same time, the explicit inclusion of normativejudgments in the evaluation of welfare functions makes it possi...

El presente documento busca, en primer lugar, realizar una caracterización de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población de adultos mayores en el Perú con énfasis en la situación de pobreza y desprotección social de este segmento de población. El análisis de la Encueta Nacionalde Hogares (Enaho) 2011 revela que la mayor cantidad de personas mayores de 65 años que se encuentran en situación de extrema pobreza residen en la sierra rural. Del mismo modo, se observa que únicamente el 1% de adultos mayores pobres extremos tienen acceso a algún tipo de pensión; y que la mayor proporción adultos mayores en situación de pobreza extrema viven en hogares de 1 o 2 miembros, lo cual acentúa su vulnerabilidad. En segundo lugar, se realiza una revisión de las principales intervenciones de política orientadas a los adultos mayores en Perú, incluyendo políticasde gran escala co...

No presenta resumen.

El presente documento busca, en primer lugar, realizar una caracterización de las condiciones socio-económicas de la población de adultos mayores en el Perú con énfasis en la situación de pobreza y desprotección social de este segmento de población. El análisis de la ENAHO 2011 revela que la mayor cantidad de personas mayores de 65 años que se encuentran en situación de extrema pobreza residen en la sierra rural. Del mismo modo, se observa que únicamente el 1% de adultos mayores pobres extremos tienen acceso a algún tipo de pensión; y que la mayor proporción adultos mayores en situación de pobreza extrema viven en hogares de 1 ó 2 miembros, lo cual acentúa su vulnerabilidad. En segundo lugar, se realiza una revisión de las principales intervenciones de política orientadas a los adultos mayores en Perú, incluyendo políticas de gran escala como la pensión social Pens...

Esta investigación estudia el bienestar de los adultos mayores desde una perspectiva multidimensional en 18 países de América Latina. Para ello se estima un índice de envejecimiento activo para cada individuo y se analiza su distribución en cada país. Esta estrategia permite medir la desigualdad en la calidad del envejecimiento, así como también permite considerar diferentes juicios de valor en la evaluación global de la calidad de vida durante el envejecimiento. De esto modo, se puede dar luces sobre las discrepancias en la calidad del envejecimiento dentro de los países y entre países. También se analizan los factores asociados al grado de desigualdad en la calidad del envejecimiento a partir de regresiones de funciones de influencia (RIF regressions) y se encuentra que una mayor proporción de población adulta mayor con educación secundaria o con acceso a infraestructura...

Documento de trabajo; 496

We study the effects of Peru’s social pension programme Pension 65 on mortality. The programme provides pensions to people aged 65 and older who do not have other pensions and are extreme poor. The analysis relies on survey data obtained at the baseline and matched to mortality records of 2012-2019. We exploit the discontinuity around the welfare index used by the programme to determine eligibility, and estimate intention-totreat effects. We find that after seven years, the programme could reduce mortality among eligible people by about 11.4 percentage points, implying about one year more in life expectancy.

We study the gender gap in the accumulation of pension funds in Peru, a country where the main pension system is based on individual retirement accounts. We exploit randomly selected samples of administrative pension fund registers collected between 2005 and 2019 and find a gender gap in favour of men at each percentile of the distribution of pension funds. The unconditional gender gap decreases along the percentiles until it reaches a sort of “glass ceiling” around the 85th percentile, and then it increases substantially. We also detect heterogeneity by birth cohorts, indicating that older cohorts show higher gender gaps in pension saving because of the capitalization process. Moreover, we find that awareness about pension fund risk management –a proxy for financial literacy– increases the dispersion of pension savings over the distribution and, therefore, increases inequality. ...

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The first goal of this paper is to analyze recent socio-economic characteristics of old-age peoplein Peru, with emphasis on poverty and social exclusion. For this, we use the National Household survey (Enaho) of year 2011 and find that the majority of the extreme poor elderly are living in the rural area. Furthermore, only 1% of the elderly living in extreme poverty receives a pension benefitand a vast majority of them live in one or two-person households, which intensify their vulnerability. The second goal is to review the most important social and economic policies towards old-age in Peru. And finally, we review the literature and policies for the elderly implemented in other countries with the aim to describe their most relevant impacts. Overall, our document might be a useful input to think and propose new policies towards old-age people in Peru based on evidences.

The first case of COVID-19 in Peru was detected on March 5, 2020. On March 15, the Peruvian government declared a state of emergency, which implied the suspension of non-essential work activities in the public and private sectors, mandatory social distancing, and border closures. In the following days, temporary measures to contain the spread of the coronavirus were extended due to the increase in the number of infections. The extension of restrictive measures posed a dilemma for the government in terms of prioritizing between the economy and health. Some could argue that the funds were important to help families cope with income losses, but the SPP affiliates are mostly salaried workers in the formal market with higher educational attainment and job quality better than that of the average worker in the Peruvian labor market. SPP affiliates (particularly those contributing regularly) cor...

No presenta resumen

We study gender differences on cognitive functioning among older adults living in poverty. The data come from the Survey of Health and Wellbeing of the Elderly (ESBAM) which is the baseline survey to evaluate the Peru’s social pension program Pension 65. The results show that females are better off than males regarding episodic memory, but worse off in mental intactness. We do not find gender differences in the overall measure of cognition, but regional differences matter in favour of urban localities. The sizeable associations of education and quality of childhood nutrition with later-life cognition confirm the long-term impacts of early life developments on current outcomes, particularly in the case of females. Therefore, policies aimed at improving early childhood development are expected to have a positive impact in the quality of old-age.

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We study gender differences on cognitive functioning among older adults living in poverty. The data come from the Survey of Health and Wellbeing of the Elderly (ESBAM) which is the baseline survey to evaluate the Peru’s social pension program Pension 65. The results show that females are better off than males regarding episodic memory, but worse off in mental intactness. We do not find gender differences in the overall measure of cognition, but regional differences matter in favour of urban localities. The sizeable associations of education and quality of childhood nutrition with later-life cognition confirm the long-term impacts of early life developments on current outcomes, particularly in the case of females. Therefore, policies aimed at improving early childhood development are expected to have a positive impact in the quality of old-age.

We studied the effects that Peru’s social pension programme, Pensión 65, had on mortality. The programme provides pensions to people aged 65 and older who do not have other pension benefits and are extreme poor. The analysis relies on survey data obtained at the baseline and matched to mortality records of 2012-2019. We exploited the discontinuity around the welfare index used by the programme to determine eligibility, and estimate intention-to-treat effects. We found that, after seven years, the programme could reduce mortality among eligible people by about 11.4 percentage points, implying an increase in life expectancy of about one year.

El objetivo del trabajo de investigación fue dimensionar un sistema de bombeo solar para riego agrícola en el centro poblado Roblepampa, Utcubamba – Amazonas. La generación de energía fotovoltaica se ha convertido en una respuesta natural para la creciente demanda de energía en la agricultura, y han ganado mucha atención como reemplazo de los combustibles fósiles. El dimensionamiento de estos sistemas depende del recurso solar disponible, y de la demanda hídrica y energética. Se presenta la evaluación el recurso solar en el área de influencia con datos obtenidos del aplicativo de la NASA, determinación de la demanda hídrica e hidráulica, y el dimensionamiento de cada componente del sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico. Así como el análisis técnico económico del sistema de bombeo fotovoltaico con respecto a un generador a gasolina.