El presente artículo analiza el caso de desarrollo alternativo de la región San Martín, conocido por diversas agencias de lucha contra las drogas como el «milagro de San Martín». En primer lugar, se presentan los elementos teóricos del estudio, donde las capacidades del Estado y el control territorial se constituyen como determinantes para el éxito del desarrollo alternativo. En base a estas consideraciones, el artículo establece tres periodos diferenciados de implementación del desarrollo alternativo en la región San Martín. En el primero de ellos, de 1981 a 1989, el auge del narcotráfico y la presencia subversiva dificultaron el desenvolvimiento de los programas de desarrollo alternativo. En el segundo periodo, de 1990 a 2002, la caída del precio de la coca, la expansión del hongo Fusarium oxysporum, la suspensión de la erradicación forzada de coca y el debilit...

This article provides a narrative synthesis of the academic literature on coca cultivation and illegal mining in the Peruvian Amazon. Through secondary sources, it analyzes the expansion of these illicit economies into the eastern Amazon. In addition, the article presents and discusses four myths about illicit economies prevalent in public debate and the media, which prevent an understanding of the complexity behind these phenomena. The myths revolve around i) a full understanding of the extent and distribution of coca cultivation and illegal mining, ii) the existence of a direct relationship between illicit economies and violence, iii) the role of indigenous peoples in the expansion of these activities and, finally, iv) the absence or limited presence of the State in these contexts. Based on a narrative review of the literature, this article uses the findings of recent empirical evidenc...

El presente ensayo tiene como propósito aproximarse a comprender las causas de la migración mexicana a Wisconsin Dells,Wisconsin. Para explicarla, en primer lugar, se hará un recuento histórico de la migración mexicana y su impacto en los Estados Unidos a nivel general para luego enfocarse en el estado de Wisconsin y, de esta manera,presentar el fenómeno migratorio en la ciudad de Wisconsin Dells. Posteriormente, y como punto central, se presentarán las causas que favorecen y permiten este flujo migratorio, constituido mayormente de indocumentados, las condiciones de relativa seguridad con que cuentan los inmigrantes en dicho estado, las oportunidades laborales que ofrece Wisconsin Dells y las redes de apoyo que se utilizan para facilitar el proceso migratorio.

Pese a la existencia de políticas internacionales y nacionales destinadas a desincentivar y eliminar la producción de hoja de coca, la última encuesta sobre el mercado legal de la hoja de coca muestra que su consumo tradicional se encuentra en los niveles más altos jamás registrados. Ante dicha situación, el Gobierno del Perú comienza a dar señales de reorientar su enfoque de política con respecto al consumo tradicional de la hoja de coca. El compromiso actual según DEVIDA, el ente rector en materia de drogas, consiste en revalorizar y defender la hoja de coca destinada para el consumo tradicional e industrial. En esta tarea, la Empresa Nacional de la Coca (ENACO), la cual posee legalmente el monopolio de su producción, comercialización e industrialización, tiene reservado un papel predominante. Con la modernización de ENACO, el Estado peruano espera poder dinamizar su part...

This article studies the transformation of State-society relations in the Peruvian Upper Jungle through the analyses of the rise and fall of drug trafficking in the Upper Huallaga Valley and the consolidation of «alternative development» in the San Martin region. After a brief historical introduction to the origins of drug trafficking in the valley, this paper focuses on the state efforts to fight drug trafficking since the late 1970's until the current days, in which the «Miracle of San Martin» managed to consolidate. The article discusses the importance of the type of drug policies to be implemented and the context in which they are put in practice, it discusses the role of local actors, sub-national governments and the international cooperation to consolidate the «Miracle of San Martín».

This article studies the transformation of State-society relations in the Peruvian Upper Jungle through the analyses of the rise and fall of drug trafficking in the Upper Huallaga Valley and the consolidation of «alternative development» in the San Martin region. After a brief historical introduction to the origins of drug trafficking in the valley, this paper focuses on the state efforts to fight drug trafficking since the late 1970's until the current days, in which the «Miracle of San Martin» managed to consolidate. The article discusses the importance of the type of drug policies to be implemented and the context in which they are put in practice, it discusses the role of local actors, sub-national governments and the international cooperation to consolidate the «Miracle of San Martín».

This article provides a narrative synthesis of the academic literature on coca cultivation and illegal mining in the Peruvian Amazon. Through secondary sources, it analyzes the expansion of these illicit economies into the eastern Amazon. In addition, the article presents and discusses four myths about illicit economies prevalent in public debate and the media, which prevent an understanding of the complexity behind these phenomena. The myths revolve around i) a full understanding of the extent and distribution of coca cultivation and illegal mining, ii) the existence of a direct relationship between illicit economies and violence, iii) the role of indigenous peoples in the expansion of these activities and, finally, iv) the absence or limited presence of the State in these contexts. Based on a narrative review of the literature, this article uses the findings of recent empirical evidenc...

El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a los esfuerzos por comprender la situación de la minería en el Perú, no solo la actual sino también la del pasado. Esta investigación representa un esfuerzo de largo aliento que comprende la compilación y revisión de la literatura publicada sobre la minería en el Perú en las últimas cinco décadas. Con ello, este trabajo buscar identificar los principales hallazgos, lecciones y brechas de la literatura, así como proponer una agenda de investigación con la esperanza de servir como referencia para investigadores y estudiantes de ciencias sociales –y posiblemente de otras áreas disciplinarias–, así como de insumo para mejores políticas públicas.

This article provides a narrative synthesis of the academic literature on coca cultivation and illegal mining in the Peruvian Amazon. Through secondary sources, it analyzes the expansion of these illicit economies into the eastern Amazon. In addition, the article presents and discusses four myths about illicit economies prevalent in public debate and the media, which prevent an understanding of the complexity behind these phenomena. The myths revolve around i) a full understanding of the extent and distribution of coca cultivation and illegal mining, ii) the existence of a direct relationship between illicit economies and violence, iii) the role of indigenous peoples in the expansion of these activities and, finally, iv) the absence or limited presence of the State in these contexts. Based on a narrative review of the literature, this article uses the findings of recent empirical evidenc...

This article studies the transformation of State-society relations in the Peruvian Upper Jungle through the analyses of the rise and fall of drug trafficking in the Upper Huallaga Valley and the consolidation of «alternative development» in the San Martin region. After a brief historical introduction to the origins of drug trafficking in the valley, this paper focuses on the state efforts to fight drug trafficking since the late 1970's until the current days, in which the «Miracle of San Martin» managed to consolidate. The article discusses the importance of the type of drug policies to be implemented and the context in which they are put in practice, it discusses the role of local actors, sub-national governments and the international cooperation to consolidate the «Miracle of San Martín».

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Objective: to acknowledge the pathological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of early-onset severe preeclampsia and late-onset severe preeclampsia in patients admitted in the maternal intensive care unit (MICU) of the maternal perinatal national institute (INMP). Methods: We develop a comparative transversal descriptive study. Clinical charts were reviewed from August first of 2014 until September thirty of 2018 getting 332 charts of early-onset preeclampsia and 325 charts of the late-onset type. Results: The mean age of the patients with early-onset severe preeclampsia was 27.84 years (IC 26.88- 28.81) (p: 0.72), the mean for hospital stay was higher in the patients with the early-onset type (p: 0.006). The new born showed statistical difference in weight (p=0.000), height (p=0.000) and the APGAR score was lower in the early-onset group (p=0.000). We did not found difference...

Objective: to acknowledge the pathological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of early-onset severe preeclampsia and late-onset severe preeclampsia in patients admitted in the maternal intensive care unit (MICU) of the maternal perinatal national institute (INMP). Methods: We develop a comparative transversal descriptive study. Clinical charts were reviewed from August first of 2014 until September thirty of 2018 getting 332 charts of early-onset preeclampsia and 325 charts of the late-onset type. Results: The mean age of the patients with early-onset severe preeclampsia was 27.84 years (IC 26.88- 28.81) (p: 0.72), the mean for hospital stay was higher in the patients with the early-onset type (p: 0.006). The new born showed statistical difference in weight (p=0.000), height (p=0.000) and the APGAR score was lower in the early-onset group (p=0.000). We did not found difference...

Objective:  To compare the SOFA score at admission and 24 hours and evaluate its usefulness in predicting maternal death. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of patients admitted to the Maternal ICU of the INMP was carried out from August 2014 to July 2019. Parametric and non-parametric tests were applied according to a previous evaluation of normality and a statistical significance p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package STATA version 13. Results: The mean age corresponds to 28.32 years. The mean gestational age corresponded to 31.33 weeks; The mean hospital stay was 4.52 days. The area under the curve for SOFA at entry was 0.8818 and the area under the curve for SOFA at 24 hours was 0.9755.     P=0.1225. No significant differences were found between them. It was determined that the best cut-off poi...

Objective:  To compare the SOFA score at admission and 24 hours and evaluate its usefulness in predicting maternal death. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of patients admitted to the Maternal ICU of the INMP was carried out from August 2014 to July 2019. Parametric and non-parametric tests were applied according to a previous evaluation of normality and a statistical significance p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package STATA version 13. Results: The mean age corresponds to 28.32 years. The mean gestational age corresponded to 31.33 weeks; The mean hospital stay was 4.52 days. The area under the curve for SOFA at entry was 0.8818 and the area under the curve for SOFA at 24 hours was 0.9755.     P=0.1225. No significant differences were found between them. It was determined that the best cut-off poi...

Objective. Know clinical and pathological epidemiologic characteristics from HELLP Syndrome of admitted patients in the Maternal Intensive Care Unit from INMP. Materials and methods. Clinical histories from admitted patients in the Maternal Intensive Care Unit from INMP since August of 2014 to August 31st of 2016 were checked out. Furthermore, 502 records: 49 record of patients with HELLP Syndrome y 452 records of patients with preeclampsia diagnostic were included.

Objective. Know clinical and pathological epidemiologic characteristics from HELLP Syndrome of admitted patients in the Maternal Intensive Care Unit from INMP. Materials and methods. Clinical histories from admitted patients in the Maternal Intensive Care Unit from INMP since August of 2014 to August 31st of 2016 were checked out. Furthermore, 502 records: 49 record of patients with HELLP Syndrome y 452 records of patients with preeclampsia diagnostic were included.

The liver rupture in pregnancy (LRP) is a disease of low incidence but high morbidity and mortality, being a devastating complication in patients with severe preeclampsia (SPE), approximately 200 cases in the world literature and some individual cases in the national literature are reported. Objectives: The main objective was to describe the most frequent clinical features in patients with SPE admitted to the Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Materna (UCIM) at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP). Materials and methods: The medical records of patients with the diagnosis of LRP treated in the UCIM in the period between 2004 and 2013 were reviewed, a record of data collection was used and frequency analysis was performed for most common signs and symptoms.

The liver rupture in pregnancy (LRP) is a disease of low incidence but high morbidity and mortality, being a devastating complication in patients with severe preeclampsia (SPE), approximately 200 cases in the world literature and some individual cases in the national literature are reported. Objectives: The main objective was to describe the most frequent clinical features in patients with SPE admitted to the Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Materna (UCIM) at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP). Materials and methods: The medical records of patients with the diagnosis of LRP treated in the UCIM in the period between 2004 and 2013 were reviewed, a record of data collection was used and frequency analysis was performed for most common signs and symptoms.

Introduction. Consultations outside the Maternal Intensive Care Unit (ICU) enable early identification of critical complicationsin obstetric patients, preventing clinical deterioration. Objective. To identify the characteristics of non-ICU consultationsand their relationship with maternal Near Miss events and ICU admission. Methods. An observational, correlational,and retrospective study was conducted, including 768 patients assessed outside the ICU at the Instituto Nacional MaternoPerinatal (INMP) between January and December 2022. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected. Bivariateand multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association between organ dysfunctions and the outcomesof Near Miss events and ICU admission. Adjusted risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) were estimated.A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Resul...