The economic environment in which enterprises operate is increasingly harsh and complex, making business more complex, volatile and uncertain. This context requires a change in the management model based on the three fundamental pillars of governance, risk management and regulatory compliance. In this sense, the presentation of the three-line model is considered particularly useful, as it has become one of the most recognized management tools internationally due to its flexibility and adaptability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the current literature on this management model and then analyze its applicability in business practice through a case study. In particular, the analysis of four companies in the Ibero-American energy sector (Petrobras, Codelco, Ecopetrol, and Iberdrola) reveals that, although the adaptation of the model is generally comprehensive and universa...

This article compares the management of diverse administration strategies of stakeholders in two lead-ing banks in Peru and Colombia. We took into account the hypotheses of several authors during 1985 and 2013 in order to have a big scope of the manage-ment of different interest groups and companies. In addition, we revised the literature regarding the influence interest groups have on the operations of the companies. Finally, we analyze the importance of stakeholders regarding corporate decision making within a financial context in developing countries.

The 2007 financial crisis served as a stark reminder of the vulnerability in the relationship between institutions and companies, as it revealed that many companies collapsed despite government interventions. Two crucial factors that influenced the crisis’s impact on firms were the level of creditor rights protection and corporate risk management. In this study, our aim was to investigate the impact of investment funds and banks on corporate risk prior to the 2007 financial crisis. We conducted an analysis across 21 countries to examine how institutional factors determined the influence of mutual funds and banks on corporate risk, ultimately leading to critical levels of collapse and the global spread of the financial crisis to the real economy. Additionally, we explored the role of mutual funds and banks as reference shareholders. The findings of our study reveal that the process of f...

This paper highlights the crucial role of adopting ISO 31000 as a comprehensive and flexible risk management standard for organizations throughout Latin America. ISO 31000 provides a globally recognized framework for tackling various challenges, such as regulatory pressures, economic fluctuations, and operational inefficiencies. By embedding risk management into day-to-day operations and strategic decision-making, organizations can strengthen their resilience and improve decision-making processes. The study examines key elements of ISO 31000, such as risk identification, assessment, and response strategies, which include mitigation, transfer, acceptance, or elimination. It stresses the importance of stakeholder engagement to ensure effective communication and consultation at every phase. The iterative nature of risk management outlined in ISO 31000 promotes continuous improvement and ali...

El presente documento de investigación busca destacar la importancia de la administración de riesgos en las organizaciones y como estas deben incorporar una guía de gestión de riesgos, siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía ISO 31000, con la finalidad de definir conceptos importantes tales como cultura de riesgos, apetito al riesgo e indicadores de gestión de riesgos, los cuáles van a permitir gestionar mejor sus organizaciones.

Nowdays, Corporate social responsibility has been studied by several authors, some of them focus in stakeholder theory, which has been proposed by many authors such as Freeman, 1984; Mitchell et al., 1997; Kaptein and Van Tulder, 2003 and Aguinis & Glavas, 2011. These studies have identified some relationships between financial results, management and development of business strategies. One of these strategies identify, is related to how the groups of interest impact in risk management and particularly in reputational risk in the organizations. This paper seeks to identify the theoretical framework related to these two variables (interest groups and reputational risks). Besides, the future study will focus in an emerging market country.

This research proposes a theoretical framework focused on explaining the unexpected or "abnormal" return of the most representative banks of the Peruvian financial system, which also have shares listed on the Lima Stock Exchange. Likewise, this paper propose a number of explanatory variables such as the ratio of allowance for loan losses (PPP), size of the bank (TAM), asset liquidity (LIQ), leverage ratio (APL), efficiency in the management (EG), fee income (ICM) and general cost ratio (RCG). Thus, an independent linear regression is performed for each bank. Finally, we found that the level of assets is the significant variable in this analysis because it serves as a barrier for new and existing competitors.

Nowadays, the companies and financial institutions from emerging markets are looking forward for more space in the international market. They have found several alternatives and one of them is to implement process and procedures in order to be more efficient and offer better conditions to the local and foreign customers. One of these alternatives is to implement internal standards not only following corporate governance policies but also, implementing international standards such as ISO norms. This paper seeks to show the evolution of initial ISOs most frequently used in the financial emerging markets.

This paper aimks to assess and quantify the exchange risk in an exporting firm. It begins by explaining currency risk, followed by a qualitative analysis of the dollar exchange rate volatility against the Nuevo Sol. This analysis is relevant, because each country has different exchange characteristics, which in the end impacts on the currency flow and exchange rate, among others. It also explores other financial instruments such as factoring with recourse and Non-Deliverable Forward as coverage alternatives. The range for the analysis is from January 2010 to December 2012.

This research pretends to evaluate the significance of the insolvency risk, referred by Altman's Z-Score, in the explanation of the historical return of the 7 most liquid mining companies listed in the Lima Stock Exchange based on a Market Return Model (MRM) under a cross-sectional approach. In this sense, daily data was collected from the S&P/BVL Peru Select index and the Peruvian 10-year Sovereign Bond between 2008-2018, approximated quarterly by the geometric average to homogenize them with the frequency of the Z. Thus, two central results were obtained: 1) The Z-Score, as an estimator of insolvency risk, is not valid to explain the behavior of the historical return of the shares, and 2) The Market Premium is statistically significant within the yield analysis. Also, contrary to the common literature, the results suggest the validity of Sharpe's conventional CAPM.

This research paper seeks to highlight the importance of risk management in organizations and how these should incorporate a risk management guide, following the guidelines of the ISO 31000 Guide, in order to define concepts Important such as risk culture, risk-appetite and risk-management indicators, which will enable them to better manage their organizations.

This present research paper, introduces one of the most important companies in the local market (Peru), Union Andina de Cementos S.A.A. (UNACEM). The company is engaged in the development and manufacture of clinker, cement and other building materials in the country and abroad, including marketing and sales as well as the operation of the dock facilities and complementary Conchan oil refinery. In the last years, their capital structure and their WACC changed because of the merger between Cementos Andino and Cementos Lima. Also, we considered the macroeconomic environment and the national cement industry, in 2012; the company had a market share of 54% and was the leader of the local market. Additionally, according to the forecast of the national economic institutions, the local construction market will have an increase of 14% in the next years. This research paper is ideal for the analysi...

The purpose of this research is to measure the relationship between the application of good corporate governance practices in relation to the economic value of listed banks in an emerging market such as the Lima Stock Exchange, given the growing importance of corporate governance, and in the absence of empirical evidence on banks in emerging markets. The methodology used employs a model that evaluates the Tobin's Q, leverage ratios, portfolio quality, efficiency and return on assets (ROA) and the dichotomous variable with respect to the incorporation into the Good Corporate Governance Index of the stock exchange. Lima, considering a temporality from 2011 to 2016.

The research that gives rise to this article intends to provide in depth knowledge on the operation, precision, accuracy, and veracity of Altman Z-score and also to determine if it can be effective and adaptable to the conditions of a specific context such as the Peruvian market. In this vein, financial statements from 2008 and 2012 of those companies that are part of the Selective Index of the Lima Stock Exchange (isbvl) which, in the end are the most representative of the Peruvian Stock Market, are analyzed. Companies are analyzed in terms of Altman Z-score. The analysis is focused on the assessment of financial ratios which indicate the fundamental behavior of a company. It is noted that the interpretation of these ratios depends on the context and is not just numerical. It is also related to the behavior itself of the assessed company

The present document attempts to present the basic concepts of financial risk present in a bank, and in particular will present the case of a Peruvian bank, taking into accounts aspects such as risk management, the Third Basel Accord (Basel III) and the international financial crisis. The case was developed in the last quarter of 2012 in the Peruvian market.

The present case study seeks to guide the potential investor through the process of analyzing the financial situation of a company to be able to make an adequate deal for an acquisition or invest. The case intends to follow a top-down analysis structure as follows: a macroeconomic analysis, which covers the gross domestic product, inflation and others; followed by a sectorial study, which comprises the study of competitors, suppliers, clients, and others; and the company’s analysis both from a financial and non-financial perspective.

Since 2000, the growth in beverage industry has been important. Overall, statistics show that Latam companies have presented a good financial performance. However, this performance could be highly questionable and, questions like what is going to happen in the next years in the industry or how likely a failure or bankruptcy could be experimented and needs to be answered. So, in order to answer such questions, an analysis is carried out by Ivan Vonne, a senior analyst. The method applied to this assessment is the Z-Score method developed by Altman in 1968. The literature review helped us to identify three types of Z-score, one developed by Edward Altman in 1968 called “Z-Score Model”, the other improved by Edward Altman in 1984 called “Company and Country Risk Models” for private companies and the last one improved by Altman, Hartzell y Peck in 1995 called “Emerging Market Scori...

The case study seeks to identify the most important issues encountered in developing a new portfolio in a Latin America country, exploring several alternatives which include not only stock and sovereign bonds but also more sophisticate products such as American Depositary Receipt (ADR) or Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) from emerging countries, and determine what are the risks involved in the process following not only Basil III standards, but also the local best practice recommend by the local regulators. The study at the beginning used historical information (normal distribution formulas) of several equities and bonds (n = 142) and then selected five Peruvian instruments (one of this involved at least 25 equities, N = 5, n = 30) and then other 30 (one of this include an ETF, N = 30, n = 55) in order to determine the best return and risk combination for an emerging market portfolio. Besides,...

Nowadays, the international financial landscape has undergone several developments with systemic implications, such as the financial crisis of 2007 and 2008, the slowdown in China (2014 to date), the contraction of the BRICS (2013 to date ), among others, as fundamental to the future of the economies is the performance of firms, it happens that behind these events happen several factors, one of them, poor implementation of good practices and corporate governance and this has led to that the international community put emphasis on ways of conducting business transactions. NGuyen & Xiangkang (2015) state that the main evidence of the effects of not implementing good corporate governance practices are tangibly evident in those countries which have now been multiplied their productivity, already affected by the Subprime Crisis. This work aims to try to answer the question of whether indeed t...

Purpose. This article examines whether deviations from fundamental value or closed-end country fund's discounts or premiums forecast future share price returns or net asset returns. Design/methodology/approach. The main empirical (econometric) tool is a vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The authors model share price returns and net asset returns as a function of their lagged values, the discounts or premiums, and a control variable for local market returns. The authors also conduct Dickey Fuller and Granger causality tests as well as impulse response functions. Findings. It was found that deviations from fundamental value do predict share price returns. This predictability is contrary to weak-form market efficiency. Premiums or discounts predict net asset returns but weakly. Originality/value. The findings point to the idea that the closed-end fund market is somewhat predictable and ine...