Introduction Whilst the relationship between lipids and cardiovascular mortality has been well studied and appears to be controversial, very little has been explored in the context of rural-to-urban migration in low-resource settings. Objective Determine the profile and related factors for HDL-c patterns (isolated and non-isolated low HDL-c) in three population-based groups according to their migration status, and determine the effect of HDL-c patterns on the rates of cardiovascular outcomes (i.e. non-fatal stroke and non-fatal myocardial infarction) and mortality. Methods Cross-sectional and 5-year longitudinal data from the PERU MIGRANT study, designed to assess the effect of migration on cardiovascular risk profiles and mortality in Peru. Two different analyses were performed: first, we estimated prevalence and associated factors with isolated and non-isolated low HDL-c at baseline. S...

Introduction: Whilst the relationship between lipids and cardiovascular mortality has been well studied and appears to be controversial, very little has been explored in the context of rural-to-urban migration in low-resource settings. Objective: Determine the profile and related factors for HDL-c patterns (isolated and nonisolated low HDL-c) in three population-based groups according to their migration status, and determine the effect of HDL-c patterns on the rates of cardiovascular outcomes (i.e. non-fatal stroke and non-fatal myocardial infarction) and mortality. Methods: Cross-sectional and 5-year longitudinal data from the PERU MIGRANT study, designed to assess the effect of migration on cardiovascular risk profiles and mortality in Peru. Two different analyses were performed: first, we estimated prevalence and associated factors with isolated and non-isolated low HDL-c at baseline....

Objective: The current study will evaluate the association that the COVID-19 pandemic has had with health-care workers and identify the factors that influenced the female gender being more affected. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in two hospitals in Arequipa (a Peruvian city). The participants were health-care workers. We applied a questionnaire with sociodemographic information and three scales: the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Screen for DSM-5. The main outcomes were anxiety, depression, and PTSD scores. The exposure of interest was gender. The scores of the scales were estimated by medians and percentiles 25–75 (p25–p75), and we used linear regression to estimate the crude and adjusted coefficients and their respective confidence intervals at 95% (CI 95%). Results:...

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of post-stroke rehabilitation devices offered via the Internet whose efficacy was proven in an RCT and factors associated with this prevalence.

In 2013, there were 25.7 million stroke survivors and 6.5 million stroke-related deaths. Previous studies have indicated that approximately 40% of stroke survivors remain with functional impairments and need physical rehabilitation. However, many barriers could limit access to continuous physical rehabilitation for these patients, so devices that complement or assist in the rehabilitation process can be of great help. The quality, safety and efficacy of medical devices should be evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the efficacy of many medical devices entering the market in the United States and the European Union (EU) has not been evaluated. Unproven post-stroke rehabilitation devices could be useless or even harmful to patients, thereby increasing healthcare costs. Previous studies have found that post-stroke rehabilitation devices without a rigorous evidence base...

Objective: To determine if Flamm and Grobman scores are useful  to predict successful vaginal delivery in patients with prior cesarean section. Design: Retrospective comparative study. Setting: Obstetrical Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Participants: Term pregnant women with previous cesarean section. Interventions: Medical records of pregnant women at term who had had previous cesarean section and were admitted to the emergency department in spontaneous labor during the period from January 2010 to December 2011 were reviewed. Demographic and obstetrical data were collected and the Flamm and Grobman scores were applied. Main outcome measures: Usefulness of the scores in the prediction of vaginal delivery in women with previous cesarean section. Results: During the study period, 398 pregnant women at term who had a previous cesarean section were admitted to the ...

Objectives: To determine demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with diagnosis of postpartum endometritis at a national hospital. Design: Descriptive, series of cases, retrospective study. Setting: Gynecology and Obstetrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH), Lima, Peru. Participants: Women post partum. Material: Cases with puerperal endometritis from July 2011 through July 2012 were selected from the database of the Epidemiology Unit. Data collected included demographic characteristics, clinical history, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, evolution and complications. Main outcome measures: Puerperal endometritis cases characteristics. Results: Thirty two cases of puerperal endometritis represented a prevalence of 0.6%. Mean age was 23 +/- 6.2 years, 76% finished high school and 72% were nulliparous. Delivery was by cesarean section in 53% of cases. Most co...

Objective: To determine if Flamm and Grobman scores are useful  to predict successful vaginal delivery in patients with prior cesarean section. Design: Retrospective comparative study. Setting: Obstetrical Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Participants: Term pregnant women with previous cesarean section. Interventions: Medical records of pregnant women at term who had had previous cesarean section and were admitted to the emergency department in spontaneous labor during the period from January 2010 to December 2011 were reviewed. Demographic and obstetrical data were collected and the Flamm and Grobman scores were applied. Main outcome measures: Usefulness of the scores in the prediction of vaginal delivery in women with previous cesarean section. Results: During the study period, 398 pregnant women at term who had a previous cesarean section were admitted to the ...

Objectives: To determine demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with diagnosis of postpartum endometritis at a national hospital. Design: Descriptive, series of cases, retrospective study. Setting: Gynecology and Obstetrics Service, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH), Lima, Peru. Participants: Women post partum. Material: Cases with puerperal endometritis from July 2011 through July 2012 were selected from the database of the Epidemiology Unit. Data collected included demographic characteristics, clinical history, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, evolution and complications. Main outcome measures: Puerperal endometritis cases characteristics. Results: Thirty two cases of puerperal endometritis represented a prevalence of 0.6%. Mean age was 23 +/- 6.2 years, 76% finished high school and 72% were nulliparous. Delivery was by cesarean section in 53% of cases. Most co...

Introduction: Information and communication technologies can help us improve metabolic control and adherence in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Objective: To evaluate the effects of an intervention with telephone calls in outpatients with poorly controlled DM2 in a hospital in Peru. Material and Methods: Randomized clinical trial. We included adults with DM2 with poor glycemic control, who were randomized to the control group (usual care) or to the intervention group (usual care plus a telephone intervention every two weeks for three months). The primary outcome was a ≥ 1% reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin at three months. Results: 94 participants were recruited (47 in each group). Mean age was 59.8 years (SD: 10.2), 69.2 % were women. At three months, only 14/47 participants in the control group and 13/47 participants in the intervention group had HbA1c measurement. Amo...

Objective: to compare the sale price of essential drugs used in the management and therapy of COVID-19 in public and private pharmacies in Peru. Also, to assess the cost per person of drug therapy for both mild and severe cases. Materials and methods: this is a cross-sectional study using data reported by public and private pharmacies in Peru. Drug prices are presented as median values and they were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Also, costs per person and drug accessibility for treating mild and moderate cases were estimated. Results: drugs used when treating mild cases of COVID-19, such as azythromycin, hydroxichloroquine, ivermectin, and paracetamol had median prices between S/ 0.04 (US$ 0.011) and S/ 23.81 (US$ 6.71) in public pharmacies, while the same compounds cost between S/ 1.00 (US$ 0.28) and S/ 36.00 (US$ 10.15) in private pharmacies. On average, drug p...

Objetivo: Comparar el cumplimiento por parte de los médicos de las recomendaciones que establecen las guías de manejo y prevención de pie diabético entre un hospital público y uno privado. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos un análisis secundario de la base de datos del estudio transversal “Calidad del control metabólico en pacientes ambulatorios con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos en dos hospitales generales de Lima”. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios, el primero para recolectar datos demográficos y un segundo de 5 preguntas aplicados al terminar su cita en el consultorio externo de endocrinología: 1) Pedido del médico de retirarse los zapatos, 2) Evaluación de sensibilidad en extremidades inferiores, 3) Recomendación de zapatos especiales, 4) Derivación al servicio de pie diabético y 5) Uso de zapatos especiales por el paciente. Para el análisis de datos se calculó ...

Objetivo: Comparar el cumplimiento por parte de los médicos de las recomendaciones que establecen las guías de manejo y prevención de pie diabético entre un hospital público y uno privado. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos un análisis secundario de la base de datos del estudio transversal “Calidad del control metabólico en pacientes ambulatorios con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos en dos hospitales generales de Lima”. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios, el primero para recolectar datos demográficos y un segundo de 5 preguntas aplicados al terminar su cita en el consultorio externo de endocrinología: 1) Pedido del médico de retirarse los zapatos, 2) Evaluación de sensibilidad en extremidades inferiores, 3) Recomendación de zapatos especiales, 4) Derivación al servicio de pie diabético y 5) Uso de zapatos especiales por el paciente. Para el análisis de datos se calculó ...

Estudio para determinar el predominio y etapas de la enfermedad renal crónica en establecimientos de atención primaria peruanos.

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. There are few studies in Latin America, especially in primary care settings. Our objective was to determine the prevalence, stages, and associated factors of CKD in primary care setting. Methods: We did a retrospective secondary analysis of a database from the Diabetes and Hypertension Primary Care Center of the Peruvian Social Security System (EsSalud) in Lima, Peru. We defined CKD as the presence of eGFR <60 mL/min and/or albuminuria >30 mg/day in 24 h, according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Factors associated with CKD were evaluated with Poisson Regression models; these factors included age, gender, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), hypertension (HTN), body mass index (BMI), and uric acid. Associations were described as crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidenc...

“The correct distribution of loads on foot, known as plantar pressures, is a relevant parameter for evaluating the evolution of some diseases. Anomalies can lead to pain and discomfort in other body parts. Diabetes changes foot tissues and compromises biomechanics, resulting in ulcers and, eventually, amputation. Customized insoles allow the redistribution of plantar pressures and are a complementary strategy to diabetes management. Nowadays, scanning and 3D printing technology can generate faster and more accurate customized insoles opening new opportunities for local medical device development. This study reports the development of 3D-printed insoles using two polymers, thermoplastic polyether-polyurethane and thermoplastic polyurethane polyester-based polymer, and the evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in walk trials using a clinical protocol and low-cost electronic system....

Introducción. La importancia del estudio ecográfico y citológico del nódulo tiroideo radica en la identificación oportuna del cáncer tiroideo. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, ecográficas y cito-histológico de los nódulos tiroideos con sospecha de malignidad en pacientes atendidos en el área de ecografía del servicio de Endocrinología de un hospital público. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo de los pacientes con nódulos tiroideos con sospecha de malignidad que acudieron al área de ecografía del servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, durante el periodo marzo de 2016 a marzo de 2017. Los pacientes con nódulos tiroideos con criterios ecográficos (TI-RADS 4,5 y 6) y citológicos de malignidad (Bethesda IV, V y VI) fueron referidos al servicio de cirugía de cabeza y cuello. Un total de...

Objective: to compare the sale price of essential drugs used in the management and therapy of COVID-19 in public and private pharmacies in Peru. Also, to assess the cost per person of drug therapy for both mild and severe cases. Materials and methods: this is a cross-sectional study using data reported by public and private pharmacies in Peru. Drug prices are presented as median values and they were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Also, costs per person and drug accessibility for treating mild and moderate cases were estimated. Results: drugs used when treating mild cases of COVID-19, such as azythromycin, hydroxichloroquine, ivermectin, and paracetamol had median prices between S/ 0.04 (US$ 0.011) and S/ 23.81 (US$ 6.71) in public pharmacies, while the same compounds cost between S/ 1.00 (US$ 0.28) and S/ 36.00 (US$ 10.15) in private pharmacies. On average, drug p...

Introducción. La importancia del estudio ecográfico y citológico del nódulo tiroideo radica en la identificación oportuna del cáncer tiroideo. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, ecográficas y cito-histológico de los nódulos tiroideos con sospecha de malignidad en pacientes atendidos en el área de ecografía del servicio de Endocrinología de un hospital público. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo de los pacientes con nódulos tiroideos con sospecha de malignidad que acudieron al área de ecografía del servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, durante el periodo marzo de 2016 a marzo de 2017. Los pacientes con nódulos tiroideos con criterios ecográficos (TI-RADS 4,5 y 6) y citológicos de malignidad (Bethesda IV, V y VI) fueron referidos al servicio de cirugía de cabeza y cuello. Un total de...

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de control metabólico en pacientes ambulatorios con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de una clínica privada en Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en la consulta externa del Servicio de endocrinología de una clínica privada de Lima, Perú. Se recolectó información socio demográfica, historia de enfermedad, autorreporte de complicaciones y comorbilidades, medidas antropométricas y presión arterial. Además, se tomó muestras de sangre para análisis de prueba rápida de glucosa, hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) y perfil lipídico. Se consideró pobre control metabólico si el participante tenía HbA1c >7%, colesterol LDL (LDL-c) ≥100 mg/dl, y presión arterial ≥130/80 mmHg. Se aplicaron cuestionarios adicionales, para medir la adherencia al tratamiento, actividad física, calidad de vida, autoeficacia y depresión. Res...