The normal lacrimal production in apparently healthy dogs was determined by the Schirmer Tear in the Small Animals Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. A total of 123 dogs grouped by sex, age, and skull type were evaluated. The mean lacrimal production was 16.4 ± 1.5 mm/min, with a range of 11 to 20 mm/min, and without statistical difference due to sex and age; however, the lacrimal production of brachycephalic dogs was significantly higher (17.0 ± 1.2 mm/ min, p<0.05) that mesocephalic (16.4 ± 1.7 mm/min) and dolichocephalic dogs (15.6 ± 1.1 mm/min).

Se determinó la producción lacrimal normal en canes aparentemente sanos mediante la Prueba Lacrimal de Schirmer en la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. Se evaluaron 123 perros agrupados según sexo, edad y tipo de cráneo. La producción lacrimal promedio fue 16.4 ± 1.5 mm/min, con un rango de 11 a 20 mm/min, sin diferencia estadística debido a sexo o edad; sin embargo, la producción lacrimal de los canes braquicéfalos fue significativamente mayor (17.0 ± 1.2 mm/min, p<0.05) que los mesocéfalos (16.4 ± 1.7 mm/min) y los dolicocéfalos (15.6 ± 1.1 mm/min).

Changes in land use and land cover are major drivers of hydrological alteration in the tropical Andes. However, quantifying their impacts is fraught with difficulties because of the extreme diversity in meteorological boundary conditions, which contrasts strongly with the lack of knowledge about local hydrological processes. Although local studies have reduced data scarcity in certain regions, the complexity of the tropical Andes poses a big challenge to regional hydrological prediction. This study analyses data generated from a participatory monitoring network of 25 headwater catchments covering three of the major Andean biomes (páramo, jalca and puna) and links their hydrological responses to main types of human interventions (cultivation, afforestation and grazing). A paired catchment setup was implemented to evaluate the impacts of change using a ‘trading space‐for‐time’ app...