During rhe l Sth cemury Peru was hit by a series 01' natural disasrers and cpidcmic rhat reduced borh popularion and agricultural production. Belowwe discuss th rce cases: '1he recurrent pcriod of extreme cold in che wi nrer monrhs from Augusr 1714 ro 1720 that allowed ~ major epidernic rha{ ravaged {heSourhern Andes. {he-earrhquake of 1746 in Lima, duc ro rhe magnirude of dcstrucrion and deaths markcd a rnilesrone in (he socicry and El Niño (or ENSO) from 1791 ro 1794, one of ihc rnosr darnage caused. cspccially in (he Norrh Coasr of rhe counrry

The War of the Pacific, sometimes referred to as the Saltpeter War, not only brought destruction and death, but also meant the plundering of thousands of books, documents, instruments and scientific, artistic and archaeological collections; in short, it was vanished any trace of a historical memory created and gathered over the course of the centuries in the old Viceroyalty of Peru’s capital. This memory partly summed up Peruvians historical identity and the legacy that served as a basis to plan a Republic that despite its problems was building a nation. We present in this paper the progress made by a major research being developed now a days, which constitutes an attempt to recover a memory and an identity snatched way that unfortunately neither the victors nor the vanquished of this bitter and distant war -but still very fresh in people’s memory- have accepted.

During rhe l Sth cemury Peru was hit by a series 01' natural disasrers and cpidcmic rhat reduced borh popularion and agricultural production. Belowwe discuss th rce cases: '1he recurrent pcriod of extreme cold in che wi nrer monrhs from Augusr 1714 ro 1720 that allowed ~ major epidernic rha{ ravaged {heSourhern Andes. {he-earrhquake of 1746 in Lima, duc ro rhe magnirude of dcstrucrion and deaths markcd a rnilesrone in (he socicry and El Niño (or ENSO) from 1791 ro 1794, one of ihc rnosr darnage caused. cspccially in (he Norrh Coasr of rhe counrry

The War of the Pacific, sometimes referred to as the Saltpeter War, not only brought destruction and death, but also meant the plundering of thousands of books, documents, instruments and scientific, artistic and archaeological collections; in short, it was vanished any trace of a historical memory created and gathered over the course of the centuries in the old Viceroyalty of Peru’s capital. This memory partly summed up Peruvians historical identity and the legacy that served as a basis to plan a Republic that despite its problems was building a nation. We present in this paper the progress made by a major research being developed now a days, which constitutes an attempt to recover a memory and an identity snatched way that unfortunately neither the victors nor the vanquished of this bitter and distant war -but still very fresh in people’s memory- have accepted.

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El estudio explora la comercialización de la nieve y el sistema extractivo e impositivo que se generó en lima colonial, lleva una serie de cuestiones que nos serviran para entender varios aspectos del conocimiento histórico y del medio ambiente, como: las costumbres relacionadas con la extracción de la nieve, los efectos de la extracción en las comunidades indígenas, el régimen económico colonial, los mecanismos legales de la extracción de recursos naturales, el manejo de la fiscalidad colonial, etc. que contribuirán a una comprensión más completa de la época colonial.

Although the Description takes the Viceroyalty of Peru as its subject, it is strongly focused on Lima, which occupies fully half of the text. Alongside a description of the urban plan of the city, its port, its defenses, and its communications with other regions, is a wealth of ethnographic detail about its inhabitants, plants, and the coastal environment in general. The next part reflects the author’s travels, along an itinerary from Lima to Cusco, Potosí, Buenos Aires, Tucumán, Chile, Arequipa, Ica and other coastal towns, before returning to Lima. Throughout, the author continues his ethnographic observation, though these are richest for Ica, where he had spent more time. The remainder of the account concerns the commercial connections of the viceroyalty, including Mexico and Central America. The final part is a description of ports in Panama and the Caribbean. The subject matter ...

In order to use historical data for revealing temperature changes in Central Peru during the 18th century, it is necessary to recognize and interpret the cultural, economic and social responses when confronted with marked environmental fluctuations. These caused changes to the farming systems, such as reduced productivity and revenues in all social sectors, particularly among the indigenous communities. Faced with this situation, the urban and rural population of Lima responded in numerous ways, from reorganizing irrigation systems, improved technologies and reduced taxes, to increased devotional Catholic ceremonies and in the indigenous sphere a public resurgence of ancestral cults supposedly eliminated in the 17th century.

The study of the marketing of the snow and the system extractive and tax that generated ride a series of questions that us to understandseveral aspects of the historical knowledge and of the environmental one, since they can be: the customs related to the extraction ofthe snow, the effects of the extraction in the indigenous communities, the economic colonial regime, the legal mechanisms of theextraction of natural resources, the managing of the colonial tax system, etc. Besides with this article they will offer themselves apossibility of approximation to the topic of the snow and his use in the colonial, thanks to the analysis of the colonial manuscriptsources and you edit of Peruvian and Spanish files, to contribute to a more complete comprehension of the colonial time.

The existence ofreligious mantfestatians resultingfrom climatic phenomcna is constant. but wliat 11'C are going lo demonstrate is tite existence ofu widespread search of stability. Some invoke the Catholic God and saiuts looking for stability. an arder Wi¡JlOU/ alterations that allows the permanence of the political JI/dial/ body. Others invoke tite apus and {he Andean huacas lookiugfor tite restitution 01 their powet; tu the extent that (he pre-hispanic order presents u uuit betwcen wliat is human, whut is divine ami what is natural. Tlti: is translated in th« religious persccution throughout Colonial tintes despite whicl¡ tt survived adapting itsclfto the circumstances. but losing IIII/("h ot its anciem wisdom. such as thc necessary technology to Ioce tlte problems hrouglu bv the climatic voriabilitv

Although the Description takes the Viceroyalty of Peru as its subject, it is strongly focused on Lima, which occupies fully half of the text. Alongside a description of the urban plan of the city, its port, its defenses, and its communications with other regions, is a wealth of ethnographic detail about its inhabitants, plants, and the coastal environment in general. The next part reflects the author’s travels, along an itinerary from Lima to Cusco, Potosí, Buenos Aires, Tucumán, Chile, Arequipa, Ica and other coastal towns, before returning to Lima. Throughout, the author continues his ethnographic observation, though these are richest for Ica, where he had spent more time. The remainder of the account concerns the commercial connections of the viceroyalty, including Mexico and Central America. The final part is a description of ports in Panama and the Caribbean. The subject matter ...

In order to use historical data for revealing temperature changes in Central Peru during the 18th century, it is necessary to recognize and interpret the cultural, economic and social responses when confronted with marked environmental fluctuations. These caused changes to the farming systems, such as reduced productivity and revenues in all social sectors, particularly among the indigenous communities. Faced with this situation, the urban and rural population of Lima responded in numerous ways, from reorganizing irrigation systems, improved technologies and reduced taxes, to increased devotional Catholic ceremonies and in the indigenous sphere a public resurgence of ancestral cults supposedly eliminated in the 17th century.

The study of the marketing of the snow and the system extractive and tax that generated ride a series of questions that us to understandseveral aspects of the historical knowledge and of the environmental one, since they can be: the customs related to the extraction ofthe snow, the effects of the extraction in the indigenous communities, the economic colonial regime, the legal mechanisms of theextraction of natural resources, the managing of the colonial tax system, etc. Besides with this article they will offer themselves apossibility of approximation to the topic of the snow and his use in the colonial, thanks to the analysis of the colonial manuscriptsources and you edit of Peruvian and Spanish files, to contribute to a more complete comprehension of the colonial time.

The existence ofreligious mantfestatians resultingfrom climatic phenomcna is constant. but wliat 11'C are going lo demonstrate is tite existence ofu widespread search of stability. Some invoke the Catholic God and saiuts looking for stability. an arder Wi¡JlOU/ alterations that allows the permanence of the political JI/dial/ body. Others invoke tite apus and {he Andean huacas lookiugfor tite restitution 01 their powet; tu the extent that (he pre-hispanic order presents u uuit betwcen wliat is human, whut is divine ami what is natural. Tlti: is translated in th« religious persccution throughout Colonial tintes despite whicl¡ tt survived adapting itsclfto the circumstances. but losing IIII/("h ot its anciem wisdom. such as thc necessary technology to Ioce tlte problems hrouglu bv the climatic voriabilitv

El estudio del origen del pentecostalismo en el Perú es importante porque puede ayudar a entender las bases de la posterior difusión de su mensaje y el crecimiento del número de sus creyentes, que ahora pueden ser mejor identificados como evangélicos carismáticos o neopentecostales de clara influencia norteamericana. Se hace necesario estudiar el tema en la medida en que los tiempos de cambio que vivimos plantean la importancia de los grupos considerados como minorías o culturas subalternas, como lo son las Iglesias evangélicas, pero también por la importancia y repercusión de su mensaje en la sociedad contemporánea y los cambios en las políticas republicanas relacionadas con la libertad de cultos desde el siglo XIX

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the fertilizing properties of guano were rediscovered, in order to extract this product it was necessary to have labor, which encouraged the migration of Chinese workers to Peru. When their arrival coincided with the appearance of yellow fever, the prejudice was formed that they had introduced the disease to the country through miasmas. When a strong yellow fever epidemic broke out at the beginning of 1868, the Peruvian State put into practice a series of policies that sought to curb the advance of evil, these policies were applied with great emphasis on the Puerto del Callao, due to the fact that here anchored ships with Asian crew, which made it a powerful source of infection. These policies consisted, for example, of passing inspection to ships arriving at the port, and in the case of any of these suspects of carrying the disease, send the...

The ability to diversify our economy and into the path of industrialization, is part of a debate on the political agenda that seeks no longer argue about whether to industrialize or not, but rather how we are going to do. In this analysis, the business sector to seek input in this process is rarely taken into account. In that sense, this paper seeks to contribute to this analysis from a historical perspective, going into 1935. This year is chosen because the main analysis is based on an article written in that year published by the National Society of Industries. This text contains interviews and industrialists from the time we come to their conception of protectionism. The different views on this policy and bel should explain what these different approaches will be the central analysis of the article.

The ability to diversify our economy and into the path of industrialization, is part of a debate on the political agenda that seeks no longer argue about whether to industrialize or not, but rather how we are going to do. In this analysis, the business sector to seek input in this process is rarely taken into account. In that sense, this paper seeks to contribute to this analysis from a historical perspective, going into 1935. This year is chosen because the main analysis is based on an article written in that year published by the National Society of Industries. This text contains interviews and industrialists from the time we come to their conception of protectionism. The different views on this policy and bel should explain what these different approaches will be the central analysis of the article.

A lo largo de su historia, las ciudades de Lima y Callao han sido afectadas por una serie de sismos. El 24 de mayo de 1940 sufrieron un gran terremoto de grado 7,9 en la escala de magnitud de momento (Mw). Fue el sismo de mayor magnitud del siglo XX y el segundo en intensidad desde la fundación de la ciudad y el terremoto y tsunami de 1746, que destruyó completamente ambas ciudades. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar su impacto en las condiciones de salud de la población de la capital. Debido a la intensidad del sismo y los materiales de construcción habitualmente utilizados, causó gran destrucción en la infraestructura antigua de la ciudad y afectó especialmente a la población de los sectores populares.

The earthquake of March 4th, 1904, as a natural phenomenon, evidenced the vulnerability in the construction materials of the buildings in Lima. This type of study brings us closer to those of historical seismology as long as its relationship as a natural phenomenon with society is analyzed in a diachronic way. Thus, it is also important to point out that studies of natural disasters have as their main purpose the implementation of measures that contribute to reduce the vulnerability of the populations that are frequently affected by them, so as to prevent the effects. For this study, newspaper articles describing the phenomenon and its effects were used as the main sources. Despite the fact that this phenomenon did not generate a disaster with a high number of victims and losses, the authorities and the population did not take the necessary measures to modify the construction patterns, c...