El estudio explora la comercialización de la nieve y el sistema extractivo e impositivo que se generó en lima colonial, lleva una serie de cuestiones que nos serviran para entender varios aspectos del conocimiento histórico y del medio ambiente, como: las costumbres relacionadas con la extracción de la nieve, los efectos de la extracción en las comunidades indígenas, el régimen económico colonial, los mecanismos legales de la extracción de recursos naturales, el manejo de la fiscalidad colonial, etc. que contribuirán a una comprensión más completa de la época colonial.

Although the Description takes the Viceroyalty of Peru as its subject, it is strongly focused on Lima, which occupies fully half of the text. Alongside a description of the urban plan of the city, its port, its defenses, and its communications with other regions, is a wealth of ethnographic detail about its inhabitants, plants, and the coastal environment in general. The next part reflects the author’s travels, along an itinerary from Lima to Cusco, Potosí, Buenos Aires, Tucumán, Chile, Arequipa, Ica and other coastal towns, before returning to Lima. Throughout, the author continues his ethnographic observation, though these are richest for Ica, where he had spent more time. The remainder of the account concerns the commercial connections of the viceroyalty, including Mexico and Central America. The final part is a description of ports in Panama and the Caribbean. The subject matter ...

In order to use historical data for revealing temperature changes in Central Peru during the 18th century, it is necessary to recognize and interpret the cultural, economic and social responses when confronted with marked environmental fluctuations. These caused changes to the farming systems, such as reduced productivity and revenues in all social sectors, particularly among the indigenous communities. Faced with this situation, the urban and rural population of Lima responded in numerous ways, from reorganizing irrigation systems, improved technologies and reduced taxes, to increased devotional Catholic ceremonies and in the indigenous sphere a public resurgence of ancestral cults supposedly eliminated in the 17th century.

The study of the marketing of the snow and the system extractive and tax that generated ride a series of questions that us to understandseveral aspects of the historical knowledge and of the environmental one, since they can be: the customs related to the extraction ofthe snow, the effects of the extraction in the indigenous communities, the economic colonial regime, the legal mechanisms of theextraction of natural resources, the managing of the colonial tax system, etc. Besides with this article they will offer themselves apossibility of approximation to the topic of the snow and his use in the colonial, thanks to the analysis of the colonial manuscriptsources and you edit of Peruvian and Spanish files, to contribute to a more complete comprehension of the colonial time.

The existence ofreligious mantfestatians resultingfrom climatic phenomcna is constant. but wliat 11'C are going lo demonstrate is tite existence ofu widespread search of stability. Some invoke the Catholic God and saiuts looking for stability. an arder Wi¡JlOU/ alterations that allows the permanence of the political JI/dial/ body. Others invoke tite apus and {he Andean huacas lookiugfor tite restitution 01 their powet; tu the extent that (he pre-hispanic order presents u uuit betwcen wliat is human, whut is divine ami what is natural. Tlti: is translated in th« religious persccution throughout Colonial tintes despite whicl¡ tt survived adapting itsclfto the circumstances. but losing IIII/("h ot its anciem wisdom. such as thc necessary technology to Ioce tlte problems hrouglu bv the climatic voriabilitv

Although the Description takes the Viceroyalty of Peru as its subject, it is strongly focused on Lima, which occupies fully half of the text. Alongside a description of the urban plan of the city, its port, its defenses, and its communications with other regions, is a wealth of ethnographic detail about its inhabitants, plants, and the coastal environment in general. The next part reflects the author’s travels, along an itinerary from Lima to Cusco, Potosí, Buenos Aires, Tucumán, Chile, Arequipa, Ica and other coastal towns, before returning to Lima. Throughout, the author continues his ethnographic observation, though these are richest for Ica, where he had spent more time. The remainder of the account concerns the commercial connections of the viceroyalty, including Mexico and Central America. The final part is a description of ports in Panama and the Caribbean. The subject matter ...

In order to use historical data for revealing temperature changes in Central Peru during the 18th century, it is necessary to recognize and interpret the cultural, economic and social responses when confronted with marked environmental fluctuations. These caused changes to the farming systems, such as reduced productivity and revenues in all social sectors, particularly among the indigenous communities. Faced with this situation, the urban and rural population of Lima responded in numerous ways, from reorganizing irrigation systems, improved technologies and reduced taxes, to increased devotional Catholic ceremonies and in the indigenous sphere a public resurgence of ancestral cults supposedly eliminated in the 17th century.

The study of the marketing of the snow and the system extractive and tax that generated ride a series of questions that us to understandseveral aspects of the historical knowledge and of the environmental one, since they can be: the customs related to the extraction ofthe snow, the effects of the extraction in the indigenous communities, the economic colonial regime, the legal mechanisms of theextraction of natural resources, the managing of the colonial tax system, etc. Besides with this article they will offer themselves apossibility of approximation to the topic of the snow and his use in the colonial, thanks to the analysis of the colonial manuscriptsources and you edit of Peruvian and Spanish files, to contribute to a more complete comprehension of the colonial time.

The existence ofreligious mantfestatians resultingfrom climatic phenomcna is constant. but wliat 11'C are going lo demonstrate is tite existence ofu widespread search of stability. Some invoke the Catholic God and saiuts looking for stability. an arder Wi¡JlOU/ alterations that allows the permanence of the political JI/dial/ body. Others invoke tite apus and {he Andean huacas lookiugfor tite restitution 01 their powet; tu the extent that (he pre-hispanic order presents u uuit betwcen wliat is human, whut is divine ami what is natural. Tlti: is translated in th« religious persccution throughout Colonial tintes despite whicl¡ tt survived adapting itsclfto the circumstances. but losing IIII/("h ot its anciem wisdom. such as thc necessary technology to Ioce tlte problems hrouglu bv the climatic voriabilitv

El estudio del origen del pentecostalismo en el Perú es importante porque puede ayudar a entender las bases de la posterior difusión de su mensaje y el crecimiento del número de sus creyentes, que ahora pueden ser mejor identificados como evangélicos carismáticos o neopentecostales de clara influencia norteamericana. Se hace necesario estudiar el tema en la medida en que los tiempos de cambio que vivimos plantean la importancia de los grupos considerados como minorías o culturas subalternas, como lo son las Iglesias evangélicas, pero también por la importancia y repercusión de su mensaje en la sociedad contemporánea y los cambios en las políticas republicanas relacionadas con la libertad de cultos desde el siglo XIX

The ability to diversify our economy and into the path of industrialization, is part of a debate on the political agenda that seeks no longer argue about whether to industrialize or not, but rather how we are going to do. In this analysis, the business sector to seek input in this process is rarely taken into account. In that sense, this paper seeks to contribute to this analysis from a historical perspective, going into 1935. This year is chosen because the main analysis is based on an article written in that year published by the National Society of Industries. This text contains interviews and industrialists from the time we come to their conception of protectionism. The different views on this policy and bel should explain what these different approaches will be the central analysis of the article.

The ability to diversify our economy and into the path of industrialization, is part of a debate on the political agenda that seeks no longer argue about whether to industrialize or not, but rather how we are going to do. In this analysis, the business sector to seek input in this process is rarely taken into account. In that sense, this paper seeks to contribute to this analysis from a historical perspective, going into 1935. This year is chosen because the main analysis is based on an article written in that year published by the National Society of Industries. This text contains interviews and industrialists from the time we come to their conception of protectionism. The different views on this policy and bel should explain what these different approaches will be the central analysis of the article.