In this article, the author questions the reading test standardization like the case of theInternational Programme Student Assessment. With this purpose, its analized about reading assessment model PISA, it is reflexed about of literacy and it is discussed through neutrality of the linguistic code.

In this article, we analyze uses of “motoso” and “motoso terruco” in Peruvian politics, produced in social networks (Twitter and Facebook), which account for a semiotic process of indexical inversion in the functioning of the language ideology of motoseo. In this context, speaking “motoso” no longer refers to concrete forms of speech associated with a social group, but to practices and discourses that produce a meta-pragmatic knowledge of how “Indians” supposedly speak or should speak. The reinvention of “motoso” in articulation with “terruco” would be revealing new dynamics in the way cultural racism functions in Peru. Specifically, it emerges as a strategy to racialize, relocate and, above all, silence political figures who are seen as potential threats to a prevailing social order of colonial and neoliberal character.

In this article, we analyze uses of “motoso” and “motoso terruco” in Peruvian politics, produced in social networks (Twitter and Facebook), which account for a semiotic process of indexical inversion in the functioning of the language ideology of motoseo. In this context, speaking “motoso” no longer refers to concrete forms of speech associated with a social group, but to practices and discourses that produce a meta-pragmatic knowledge of how “Indians” supposedly speak or should speak. The reinvention of “motoso” in articulation with “terruco” would be revealing new dynamics in the way cultural racism functions in Peru. Specifically, it emerges as a strategy to racialize, relocate and, above all, silence political figures who are seen as potential threats to a prevailing social order of colonial and neoliberal character.

In this article, we analyze uses of “motoso” and “motoso terruco” in Peruvian politics, produced in social networks (Twitter and Facebook), which account for a semiotic process of indexical inversion in the functioning of the language ideology of motoseo. In this context, speaking “motoso” no longer refers to concrete forms of speech associated with a social group, but to practices and discourses that produce a meta-pragmatic knowledge of how “Indians” supposedly speak or should speak. The reinvention of “motoso” in articulation with “terruco” would be revealing new dynamics in the way cultural racism functions in Peru. Specifically, it emerges as a strategy to racialize, relocate and, above all, silence political figures who are seen as potential threats to a prevailing social order of colonial and neoliberal character.

This paper uses three different approaches (Generative phonology, Nonlinear phonology and Optimality Theory) in order to describe and explain a phonological process of assimilation called labialization in Nomatsiguenga, that only happens when a labial consonant appears before the central vowel [i]. Standard generative phonology characterized assimilation in terms of features copying. In Nonlinear approach, in contrast, assimilation is characterized as the association of features of segment A to a neighboring segment B. Finally, in Optimality Theory, assimilation is characterized as Markedness constraint called AGREE(x).