DNA integrity in alpaca spermatozoa was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis in sperm cryopreserved using antioxidants analogues of superoxide dismutase (Tempo and Tempol). Twelve alpaca semen samples were frozen using an extender based on skim milk, fructose, egg yolk, and ethylene glicol. Each sample was divided into three aliquots: Control group, Tempo group (1 mM), and Tempol group (1 mM). Antioxidants were added during cooling at 10 °C. After thawing, samples were fixed using 2% formaldehyde solution and permeabilizated using 0.8% Triton X-100 solution. TUNEL assay and Iodure propidium (PI) were used for evaluation of DNA integrity and cell permeability. Spermatozoa labeled with TUNEL and PI was classified as cells with DNA damaged. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometric using a 488 nm laser, counting at least 10 000 cells per sample, and by epifluorescene microscopy. Frequency ...

The effect of the exogenous progesterone (P4) on the development of follicular waves in llamas was studied in twenty-five females. According to dose and regimen for P 4 administration, animals were allocated to 5 groups (n=5): 00 (control group ), G 1 (30 mg P /day for 2 days); G2 (30 mg P/day for 4 days); G3 (50 mg P /day for 2 days) and G4 (50 mg P /da y for 4 days ). Development of dominant ():. 7 mm) and subordinated follicles (>3 mm and < 7 mm) were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography. The minimun size reachedbythedorninantfollicleingroupsGl (4.6±0.9mm), G3(5.1±1.5 mm) andG4(5.3 ± 1.6 mm) were smaller (P< 0.05) than group 00 (8.5 ± 1.0 mm). The whole follicular regression of the dominant follicle in groups G 1 (5.5 ± 2.0 mm), G2 (5.9 ± 1.4 mm) and G3 (5.3 ± 3. 3 mm) were larger (P< 0.05) than group 00 (0.9 ± 1.4 mm). The number of subordinated follicle...

Se evaluó la estabilidad del ADN en espermatozoides de alpaca mediante citometría de flujo en muestras congeladas con antioxidantes análogos de superóxido dismutasa (Tempo y Tempol). Doce muestras de semen de alpaca fueron congeladas utilizando un dilutor en base a leche descremada, fructosa, yema de huevo y etilenglicol. Cada muestra fue dividida en tres porciones: grupo control, grupo Tempo (1 mM) y grupo Tempol (1 mM). Los antioxidantes fueron agregados al dilutor durante la curva de enfriamiento (10 °C). Las muestras fueron descongeladas y fijadas en una solución de formaldehido al 2% y permeabilizadas utilizando una solución de Triton X-100 al 0.8%. La integridad del ADN espermático se evaluó con la técnica de TUNEL y una sonda fluorescente para determinar la viabilidad celular (Ioduro de propidio [PI]). Los espermatozoides marcados con la sonda del TUNEL y PI fueron consi...

The effect of the exogenous progesterone (P4) on the development of follicular waves in llamas was studied in twenty-five females. According to dose and regimen for P 4 administration, animals were allocated to 5 groups (n=5): 00 (control group ), G 1 (30 mg P /day for 2 days); G2 (30 mg P/day for 4 days); G3 (50 mg P /day for 2 days) and G4 (50 mg P /da y for 4 days ). Development of dominant ():. 7 mm) and subordinated follicles (>3 mm and < 7 mm) were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography. The minimun size reachedbythedorninantfollicleingroupsGl (4.6±0.9mm), G3(5.1±1.5 mm) andG4(5.3 ± 1.6 mm) were smaller (P< 0.05) than group 00 (8.5 ± 1.0 mm). The whole follicular regression of the dominant follicle in groups G 1 (5.5 ± 2.0 mm), G2 (5.9 ± 1.4 mm) and G3 (5.3 ± 3. 3 mm) were larger (P< 0.05) than group 00 (0.9 ± 1.4 mm). The number of subordinated follicle...

The objective was to detect changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide) production and lipid peroxidation during cryopreservation of alpaca spermatozoa. Twelve alpaca semen samples were conventionally cryopreserved. Results showed that high percentage of viable alpaca spermatozoa produces intracellular reactive species oxygen (ROS) during the cryopreservation process of alpaca semen.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) and two cryoprotectants (glycerol and ethylene glycol) on semen quality after the cryopreservation process under a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The variables evaluated were progressive motility, viability, and acrosomal integrity. Motility was greater with the use of glycerol (65.5%) compared to the use of ethylene glycol (49.0%) (p<0.05); also, motility using fructose was higher with the use of fructose (59.3%) than when using glucose (55.1%) (p<0.05). Acrosomal integrity was superior with the use of glycerol (58.2%) compared with ethylene glycol (42.0%); also, acrosomal integrity was superior with the use of fructose (53.8%) than when using glucose (46.4%) (p<0.05). The energy source x cryoprotectant interaction was not statistically significant. The results showed that the use of gl...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) and two cryoprotectants (glycerol and ethylene glycol) on semen quality after the cryopreservation process under a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The variables evaluated were progressive motility, viability, and acrosomal integrity. Motility was greater with the use of glycerol (65.5%) compared to the use of ethylene glycol (49.0%) (p<0.05); also, motility using fructose was higher with the use of fructose (59.3%) than when using glucose (55.1%) (p<0.05). Acrosomal integrity was superior with the use of glycerol (58.2%) compared with ethylene glycol (42.0%); also, acrosomal integrity was superior with the use of fructose (53.8%) than when using glucose (46.4%) (p<0.05). The energy source x cryoprotectant interaction was not statistically significant. The results showed that the use of gl...

366-2012

The aim of the study was to determine the maximum time to recover and cryopreservespermatozoa from the tail of canine epididymis post orchiectomy. The testes were obtainedthrough orchiectomy from 20 dogs aged 1 to 8 years. The testis were placed in sodiumchloride 0.9% and stored at 5 °C for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Spermatozoa were recoveredby cutting the tail of the epididymis in an extender based on Tris-citrate-fructose. For the cryopreservation process, egg yolk (20%) and glycerol (5%) was added to the dilutedsample (sperm + dilutor). The new dilution was packaged in 0.5 ml straws, which weresubjected to a cooling curve and then placed in liquid nitrogen. Total motility, progressivemotility and functional integrity of the membrane were evaluated. Beforecryopreservation process, total motility after 24 and 72 hours of storage at 5 ºCdecreased (p<0.05). However, total motility foun...

The purpose of this study was to determine the type and frequency of aggressiveness directed to the human, and to identify the situations in which they occur. A survey was conducted on 405 owners of patients of the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos University. All animals were without apparent neurological alterations. Results indicated that 27.2% of dogs showed some sort of aggressiveness, mainly light and medium intensity; where the dominant type was the most frequent (50.0%). The dominant, territorial and predatory aggressiveness was statistically associated with sex of the animal (p<0.05), as well as the intensity of the dominant aggressiveness (p<0.05), where males were more aggressive. The most frequent situation where dominant aggressiveness was manifested occurred when getting closer or trying to touch the dog while was eating or holding ...

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el tiempo máximo para recuperar y criopreservar espermatozoides obtenidos de la cola del epidídimo de caninos post orquiectomía. Se obtuvo testículos de 20 caninos entre 1 y 8 años de edad. Los testículos se colocaron en cloruro de sodio al 0.9% y se almacenaron a 5 ºC durante 0, 24, 48 y 72 horas. Los espermatozoides fueron recuperados al cortar la cola del epidídimo en un dilutor en base a Tris-citrato-fructosa. Para el proceso de criopreservación, se añadió yema de huevo (20%) y glicerol (5%) a la muestra diluida (espermatozoides + dilutor). La nueva dilución fue envasada en pajillas de 0.5 ml y sometidas a una curva de enfriamiento para luego ser colocadas en nitrógeno líquido. Se evaluó motilidad total, motilidad progresiva e integridad funcional de membrana. Previo a la criopreservación, la motilidad total varió significativam...

El presente trabajo tuvo por finalidad conocer el tipo y frecuencia de agresividad del perro hacia el humano, así como las situaciones o contexto que las producen. Se encuestó a 405 propietarios de pacientes caninos, sin alteraciones neurológicas aparentes, de la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. Se determinó que el 27.2% de los perros mostraron algún tipo de agresividad, mayormente de tipo leve y media, siendo la de tipo dominante la más frecuente (50.0%). Se encontró una asociación entre los tipos de agresividad dominante, territorial y predatoria con el sexo del perro (p<0.05), así como entre la intensidad de la agresividad dominante con el sexo (p<0.05), donde los machos fueron más agresivos. La situación más frecuente donde se produce la agresividad dominante fue al acercarse o ...

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of glycerol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa of alpaca. The effect of different concentrations of glycerol, ethylene glycol and DMSO: T1 (0 M), T2 (0.25 M), T3 (0.5 M), T4 (0.75 M), T5 (1 M), T6 (1.25 M), T7 (1.5 M) and T8 (1.75 M) was evaluated. A polynomial regression model was used to determine the best concentration of each cryoprotectant, resulting 1.16, 1.02 and 0.9 M the optimal concentrations for glycerol, ethylene glycol and DMSO respectively. In Experiment 2, the effect of the optimal concentrations between glycerol, ethylene glycol and DMSO on motility, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosomal viability and integrity in alpaca epididymal spermatozoa were analyzed. The results showed a mean of 35.8, 51.8 and 38.3% for DMSO and 30.8, 45.0 and 33.8% for...

The effect of glucose, fructose, trehalose, and sucrose, as components of the extender, was evaluated on canine sperm viability during refrigeration at 5 ºC. The spermatic fraction of 16 dog ejaculations were distributed in 5 aliquots containing an extender based on Tris – citric acid – egg yolk, but differing in the presence of one of the sugars, plus a control without sugar. The five treatments were evaluated after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of refrigeration in relation to progressive motility and functional integrity of the membrane by the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOS). All groups, with the exception of the control group, the sperm motility maintained within acceptable ranges during the study (90% on day 0 and 60% on day 4). The integrity of the membrane remained slightly superior in groups with sugar (87-90%) in comparison with the control group (83-85%). The glucose and sucrose...

Se evaluó el efecto la glucosa, fructosa, trehalosa y sacarosa, como componentes del diluyente, sobre la viabilidad espermática en semen canino refrigerado a 5 °C. La fracción espermática de 16 eyaculados de perro fue distribuida en cinco alícuotas conteniendo un diluyente a base de Tris - ácido cítrico - yema de huevo, pero con un azúcar distinto, además del control sin azúcar. Los cinco tratamientos se evaluaron a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas de refrigeración en base a motilidad progresiva e integridad funcional de membrana mediante la prueba hipoosmótica (HOS). En todos los grupos, a excepción del grupo control, la motilidad espermática se mantuvo dentro de rangos aceptables durante el estudio (90% en el día 0 hasta cerca de 60% en el día 4). Sin embargo, la integridad de membrana se mantuvo ligeramente superior en los grupos con azúcar (87-90%) en comparación con el g...

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of glycerol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa of alpaca. The effect of different concentrations of glycerol, ethylene glycol and DMSO: T1 (0 M), T2 (0.25 M), T3 (0.5 M), T4 (0.75 M), T5 (1 M), T6 (1.25 M), T7 (1.5 M) and T8 (1.75 M) was evaluated. A polynomial regression model was used to determine the best concentration of each cryoprotectant, resulting 1.16, 1.02 and 0.9 M the optimal concentrations for glycerol, ethylene glycol and DMSO respectively. In Experiment 2, the effect of the optimal concentrations between glycerol, ethylene glycol and DMSO on motility, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosomal viability and integrity in alpaca epididymal spermatozoa were analyzed. The results showed a mean of 35.8, 51.8 and 38.3% for DMSO and 30.8, 45.0 and 33.8% for...

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of three extenders and four combinations of two permeant and two non permeant cryoprotectant agents on the quality of post thaw ram semen. In Experiment 1, three extender were evaluated (A, B, and C) in order to select the best for the next step. In Experiment 2, different combinations of cryoprotectant agents were evaluated as follow: 1) Glycerol–Trehalose, 2) Glycerol– Sucrose, 3) Ethylene glycol-Trehalose, and 4) Ethylene glycol–Sucrose. In experiment 1, motility, viability and acrosomal integrity in extender A were higher than in extender B and extender C, and therefore, extender A was used for experiment 2. In this assay, motility, viability and acrosomal integrity, thermoresistance, and plasmatic membrane integrity were higher in groups Glycerol-sucrose and Glycerol-trehalose in comparison with groups Ethilene glycol-sucro...

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres dilutores y cuatro combinaciones de dos agentes crioprotectores permeantes más dos no permeantes sobre la calidad del semen ovino post-descongelamiento. Para esto, en una primera fase se evaluaron entre tres dilutores (A, B y C) y el más adecuado se usó en una segunda fase, donde se evaluaron las siguientes combinaciones de agentes crioprotectores permeantes y no permeantes: 1) Glicerol - Trehalosa, 2) Glicerol - Sacarosa, 3) Etilenglicol - Trehalosa y 4) Etilenglicol - Sacarosa. En el experimento 1, se encontró que el Dilutor A mantenía mejor la motilidad progresiva, viabilidad e integridad acrosomal post-descongelamiento en comparación con los dilutores B y C, por lo que el Dilutor A se empleó en el experimento 2. En este ensayo se encontró que la motilidad progresiva, la viabilidad e integridad acrosomal, la termoresistenci...

The study aimed to evaluate the superovulatory response and conception rate byapplying the technique of non-surgical embryo transfer in dairy cows of a commercialfarm in the Lima milkshed. Eight donor cows were used and distributed in two workingyears. Donors were synchronized with estrogens, progestagens and luteolitic agents,superovulated with 400 mg of FSH, and inseminated with two doses of frozen semen. Therecipient animals (n=28) were also distributed in two years. The Pre-synch protocol wasused for estrus synchronization in the first year and the CIDR-synch protocol in thesecond year. The expected day of heat presentation coincided for both donors andrecipients. The recovery of embryos was done seven days post service where embryoswere classified and immediately transferred. Pregnancy diagnosis by transrectalultrasonography was done at day 28 post transfer. A total of 23 embryos we...

The effect of superovulatory treatment during the two phases of the ovarian cycleon follicular growth and embryo quality was evaluated in 45 sexually adult llamas. Animals bearing a >7 mm follicle, observed by ultrasonography, were selected and allocated into 3 groups: T0 (non-stimulated), T1 (superovulatory treatment during the non luteal phase), and T2 (superovulatory treatment during the luteal phase). Animals in groups T1 and T2 received 1 ml of LH (day 0) for synchronization of the follicular wave and 1000 IU of eCG (day 3) as superovulatory treatment. Vaginal sponges impregnated with progesterone were used on days 3 to 7 in T2 to simulate the luteal phase. The induction of the ovulation (day 8) was done through natural mating and the application of GnRH (1 ml). Embryo recovery was done 7 days after natural mating (day 15) on T1 and T2. Similarly, embryo recovery was done 7 days ...