The study determined the effects of year and season of birth and sex or parturition on body weight and gain body and milk production of Brown Swiss cattle. It was used records from productive events of 2003-2010; the data are analyzed in factorial arrangements relevant and conducted in Randomized Complete Design. The average birth weight was 46.35 ± 7.01 kg, with differences to year and season of birth and sex factors (P = 0.05). Weight at year reached 252.37 ± 27.11 kg and gains to 180 days and one year of age were 103.68 ± 11.74 and 207.25 ± 27.61 kg, respectively; there were no differences for the factors. During the first year, recording the live weight showed linear and growing trend. Milk production has varied from 2911.96 to 3551.77 kg (P = 0.05); also they showed variations per year and season of calving and lactation number. Real milk production varied considerably (from 28...

The study determined the effects of year and season of birth and sex or parturition on body weight and gain body and milk production of Brown Swiss cattle. It was used records from productive events of 2003-2010; the data are analyzed in factorial arrangements relevant and conducted in Randomized Complete Design. The average birth weight was 46.35 ± 7.01 kg, with differences to year and season of birth and sex factors (P = 0.05). Weight at year reached 252.37 ± 27.11 kg and gains to 180 days and one year of age were 103.68 ± 11.74 and 207.25 ± 27.61 kg, respectively; there were no differences for the factors. During the first year, recording the live weight showed linear and growing trend. Milk production has varied from 2911.96 to 3551.77 kg (P = 0.05); also they showed variations per year and season of calving and lactation number. Real milk production varied considerably (from 28...

Con los datos generados en el Módulo de Bovinos Criollo de la Estación Experimental Illpa del INIA Puno, ubicado en el anillo circunlacustre de la Región Puno, y al cabo de seis campañas ganaderas (2003-2009), se ha determinado los índices reproductivos y evaluado el comportamiento de la aptitud productiva de carne y leche del hato Criollo, en función a campaña ganadera, época de nacimiento o parto (lluvias o seca), sexo de la cría (ternero o ternera), número de lactancia (primera a cuarta lactancia). Los datos fueron analizados en arreglos factoriales conducidos en un diseño completo al azar desbalanceado a través del método de Federer y Zelen. Los resultados logrados fueron: La edad al primer servicio de las vaquillas se alcanzó a 27.54 meses con 243.22 kg de peso y la edad al primer parto fue a 35.7 meses; y en las vacas los Intervalo Entre Partos variaron de 13.91 a 16 ...

Con los datos generados en el Módulo de Bovinos Criollo de la Estación Experimental Illpa del INIA Puno, ubicado en el anillo circunlacustre de la Región Puno, y al cabo de seis campañas ganaderas (2003-2009), se ha determinado los índices reproductivos y evaluado el comportamiento de la aptitud productiva de carne y leche del hato Criollo, en función a campaña ganadera, época de nacimiento o parto (lluvias o seca), sexo de la cría (ternero o ternera), número de lactancia (primera a cuarta lactancia). Los datos fueron analizados en arreglos factoriales conducidos en un diseño completo al azar desbalanceado a través del método de Federer y Zelen. Los resultados logrados fueron: La edad al primer servicio de las vaquillas se alcanzó a 27.54 meses con 243.22 kg de peso y la edad al primer parto fue a 35.7 meses; y en las vacas los Intervalo Entre Partos variaron de 13.91 a 16 ...

El estudio determinó los efectos del año y época de nacimiento y sexo o partos sobre el peso y ganancia corporal y la producción de leche de bovinos Brown Swiss. Se utilizaron registros de eventos productivos del 2003-2010; los datos se analizaron en arreglos factoriales pertinentes y conducidas en Diseño Completo Randomizado. El promedio peso al nacer fue 46.3+-7.01 kg, habiendo diferencias para factores año y época de nacimiento y sexo (P<=0.05). El peso al año alcanzó 252.37+-27.11 kg y las ganancias a 180 días y año de edad fueron 103.68+-11.74 y 207.25+-27.61 kg, respectivamente; no existiendo diferencias para los factores. Durante el primer año el peso vivo mostró tendencia lineal y creciente. La producción de leche ha variado de 2911,96 a 3551,77 kg (P<=0.05); también mostraron variaciones por año y época de parto y número de lactancia. La producción real varió...

The study determined the effects of year and season of birth and sex or parturition on body weight and gain body and milk production of Brown Swiss cattle. It was used records from productive events of 2003-2010; the data are analyzed in factorial arrangements relevant and conducted in Randomized Complete Design. The average birth weight was 46.35 ± 7.01 kg, with differences to year and season of birth and sex factors (P = 0.05). Weight at year reached 252.37 ± 27.11 kg and gains to 180 days and one year of age were 103.68 ± 11.74 and 207.25 ± 27.61 kg, respectively; there were no differences for the factors. During the first year, recording the live weight showed linear and growing trend. Milk production has varied from 2911.96 to 3551.77 kg (P = 0.05); also they showed variations per year and season of calving and lactation number. Real milk production varied considerably (from 28...

The study determined the effects of year and season of birth and sex or parturition on body weight and gain body and milk production of Brown Swiss cattle. It was used records from productive events of 2003-2010; the data are analyzed in factorial arrangements relevant and conducted in Randomized Complete Design. The average birth weight was 46.35 ± 7.01 kg, with differences to year and season of birth and sex factors (P = 0.05). Weight at year reached 252.37 ± 27.11 kg and gains to 180 days and one year of age were 103.68 ± 11.74 and 207.25 ± 27.61 kg, respectively; there were no differences for the factors. During the first year, recording the live weight showed linear and growing trend. Milk production has varied from 2911.96 to 3551.77 kg (P = 0.05); also they showed variations per year and season of calving and lactation number. Real milk production varied considerably (from 28...

The aim of this study was to determine staple and fibre length, as well as the fibre diameter of vicuñas by age (cria, juvenile and adults) and sex (male and female). The study was carried out in the semicaptivity vicuña farm of Multicomunal Picotani, Puno, Peru, located between 4420 and 4800 m above the sea level. Response variables were analyzed in a factorial arrangement of 2x3 conducted in a completely radomized design. The mean staple length was 3.03 ± 0.52 and 2.97 ± 0.51 cm for males and females (p>0.05) and 3.08 ± 0.47, 3.33 ± 0.39 and 2.59 ± 0.39 cm for crias, juveniles and adults respectively (p<0.05). The fibre length was 4.13 ± 0.53 and 4.06 ± 0.55 cm in males and females (p>0.05) and 4.22 ± 0.28, 4.57 ± 0.27 and 3.50 ± 0.34 cm for crias, juveniles and adults respectively (p<0.05). The fibre diameter was 12.755 ± 0.580 and 12.719 ± 0.398 ìm for male...

This paper shows the results of several research works on the characteristics of the fleece of vicuñas reared under semi-captivity conditions in the multicommunals of Cala Cala and Picotani, located in the province of San Antonio de Putina, Puno, Peru. The results indicate the presence of three color tones: light, dark and yellowish, whose extension in the body varies according to sex and age. In the praxis only the useful (commercial) part of the coat is sheared. The total weight of fleece shows variations between females (354.71 g) and males (364.65 g) (p<0.05). The fleece yields in vicuñas were similar by sex and body region, while the yield in juveniles was 84.43% and in adults 81.87% (p<0.05). The proportion of clean fleece reaches 80%. The proportion of hair in the fleece shows variations according to sex, age, body region and rearing locality.

The morphology of 284 K’ara llamas was determined through biometric measurements and body weight based on sex and age factors. The animals were from breeder organizations in the Checacupe district of the Cusco Region, Peru. The measurements were grouped into cephalic, body and trunk heights, cane perimeter and body weight. The analysis was carried out in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (2 sexes, 5 ages) under a complete randomized design. At head level, head length is the only one that contributes to sexual dimorphism (p<0.05). Head height showed greater value, attributable to the presence of an elongated and upright neck. Body lengths show sexual dimorphism and have different growth and development. Male neck measurements were greater (p<0.05), except for the length of the neck. At the thorax level, the thoracic perimeter and depth were greater in males (p<0.05). Each morphologic...

The technological characteristics and the fibre diameter profile were determined according to age (1, 3, 5, 7 years) and sex (male, female) of Huacaya alpacas from the La Raya Experimental Centre (Puno, Peru). Fleece samples were taken from the middle rib at shearing and analysed with the OFDA 2000 equipment. The data were adjusted to multiple quadratic regression for the analysis of the exchange rates. The average diameter, comfort factor, curvature index and fibre length were statistically similar between sexes, while for age, the diameter increased (from 19.48 ± 0.25 to 24.82 ± 0.80 µm), and both the comfort factor (from 98.15 to 86.95%) and the fibre length (from 102.18 ± 12.92 to 75.00 ± 11.34 mm) decreased, while the curvature index shows no defined trend. The parameters that characterize the fibre diameter profile showed a single maximum value of the mean fibre diameter, whic...

The fibres of white (n = 143) and coloured (n = 100) Huacaya alpacas participating in the LVIII Livestock Fair of Southern Peru (FEGASUR) were characterized. The fibres were processed in the Fibre Laboratory of the Puno Regional Government. The frequencies were described under a fixed effects model (p <0.05). The frequency distributions of the fibre attributes differ from the normal curve to a different degree and depending on the variable, except for the Comfort Factor (CF), they show a tail bias to the right; being moderate the asymmetry of the Mean Diameter (MD) and slight asymmetry of the Index of Curvature (IC). Meanwhile, the dispersion variables, CF and Fibre length (LM) presented very asymmetric curves. White fibres show greater fineness than coloured fibres (p<0.05), without differences for the sex factor. The standard deviation of the mean diameter [SD (DM)] and the Coeff...

En la población de alpacas Huacaya (2.604) y Suri (613) nacidas entre 2000-2010 del Centro de Investigación y Producción Quimsachata del Instituo Nacional de Innovación Agraria Puno; se ha determinado los efectos edad de la madre, año de producción y sexo de la cría sobre el peso al nacimiento e incremento de peso al destete. Para el efecto se utilizó un arreglo factorial pertinente conducido en un modelo aditivo lineal de efectos fijos. En los pesos al nacimiento para edad de la madre se distinguió grupos definidos y en transición, entre los primeros estuvieron madres primerizas, adultas y viejas, mostrando los extremos crías con bajos pesos y las adultas dieron crías con pesos altos (p≤0,05); para el año de producción hubo amplia variabilidad entre campañas para la expresión del peso al nacimiento (P≤0.05); y el factor sexo solo mostró diferencias en la Huacaya (p�...

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la longitud de mecha y fibra, así como el diámetro de fibra descerdada de vicuñas por clase (crías, juveniles y adultos) y sexo (macho y hembra). Se realizó en el Criadero de Vicuñas en Semicautiverio de la Multicomunal Picotani, Puno, Perú, ubicado entre 4420 y 4800 msnm. Las variables respuesta se analizaron en un arreglo factorial de 2x3 conducido en un diseño completamente al azar. Los promedios de la longitud de mecha fueron 3.03 ± 0.52 y 2.97 ± 0.51 cm para machos y hembras (p>0.05) y de 3.08 ± 0.47, 3.33 ± 0.39 y 2.59 ± 0.39 cm en crías, juveniles y adultos, respectivamente (p<0.05). Las longitudes de fibra fueron de 4.13 ± 0.53 y 4.06 ± 0.55 cm en machos y hembras (p>0.05) y de 4.22 ± 0.28, 4.57 ± 0.27 y 3.50 ± 0.34 cm para crías, juveniles y adultas, respectivamente (p<0.05). Los diámetros de fibra descerd...

This paper shows the results of several research works on the characteristics of the fleece of vicuñas reared under semi-captivity conditions in the multicommunals of Cala Cala and Picotani, located in the province of San Antonio de Putina, Puno, Peru. The results indicate the presence of three color tones: light, dark and yellowish, whose extension in the body varies according to sex and age. In the praxis only the useful (commercial) part of the coat is sheared. The total weight of fleece shows variations between females (354.71 g) and males (364.65 g) (p<0.05). The fleece yields in vicuñas were similar by sex and body region, while the yield in juveniles was 84.43% and in adults 81.87% (p<0.05). The proportion of clean fleece reaches 80%. The proportion of hair in the fleece shows variations according to sex, age, body region and rearing locality.

The morphology of 284 K’ara llamas was determined through biometric measurements and body weight based on sex and age factors. The animals were from breeder organizations in the Checacupe district of the Cusco Region, Peru. The measurements were grouped into cephalic, body and trunk heights, cane perimeter and body weight. The analysis was carried out in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (2 sexes, 5 ages) under a complete randomized design. At head level, head length is the only one that contributes to sexual dimorphism (p<0.05). Head height showed greater value, attributable to the presence of an elongated and upright neck. Body lengths show sexual dimorphism and have different growth and development. Male neck measurements were greater (p<0.05), except for the length of the neck. At the thorax level, the thoracic perimeter and depth were greater in males (p<0.05). Each morphologic...

The technological characteristics and the fibre diameter profile were determined according to age (1, 3, 5, 7 years) and sex (male, female) of Huacaya alpacas from the La Raya Experimental Centre (Puno, Peru). Fleece samples were taken from the middle rib at shearing and analysed with the OFDA 2000 equipment. The data were adjusted to multiple quadratic regression for the analysis of the exchange rates. The average diameter, comfort factor, curvature index and fibre length were statistically similar between sexes, while for age, the diameter increased (from 19.48 ± 0.25 to 24.82 ± 0.80 µm), and both the comfort factor (from 98.15 to 86.95%) and the fibre length (from 102.18 ± 12.92 to 75.00 ± 11.34 mm) decreased, while the curvature index shows no defined trend. The parameters that characterize the fibre diameter profile showed a single maximum value of the mean fibre diameter, whic...

EFICIENCIA PRODUCTIVA Y ECONOMICA DE LA PROOUCCION DE LECHE EN LAS MICROCUENCAS DE LA REGION PUNO. El estudio se llevó en las microcuencas lecheras de la Región Puno para analizar sus características tecno-socioeconómicas; la eficiencia bioeconómica; y simular el efecto de tres variables sobre la rentabilidad del negocio lechero. Los resultados fueron: La edad y experiencia ganadera fueron 49.47 y 13.20 años; conducen predios de 33.56 has y hatos de 11.20 a 47.50 cabezas, con 25 y 34% vacas en ordeño, siendo la explotación desde una extensiva hasta semi extensiva. La producción lechera/vaca ordenada fue 3,494.01 kg; y por ha de pastos naturales de 1,612.55 kg; de pastos cultivados de 6,904.82 kg, y 9.57 kg/vaca/día. La natalidad fue 80.06% y la mortalidad de 3.37 y 33.33% para crías y adultos. El costo total más alto correspondió a Lampa y el más bajo a Azángaro; entre los...

En la población de alpacas Huacaya (2.604) y Suri (613) nacidas entre 1998-2014 del CIP Quimsachata del INIA Puno se ha determinado los efectos biológicos edad de la madre, sexo, año de producción y mes de nacimiento; y de los elementos climáticos precipitación y temperaturas sobre el peso al nacer y al destete, e incremento al destete; y sobre la longitud de mecha y diámetro de fibra de alpacas Huacaya y Suri. Los primeros dos objetivos se analizaron en un arreglo factorial 11x13x5x2 conducido en un modelo aditivo lineal de efectos fijos, y el tercer objetivo se analizó en un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Respecto a los pesos al nacer y al destete e incremento corporal al destete, en ambas razas, mostraron diferencias para los factores edad de madre, año y mes de nacimiento (p≤0.05), a excepción del factor sexo. En tanto, la longitud de mecha y diámetro de fibra, p...

This review is based on the publication «Definition of breeds of alpacas and llamas», by Animal Genetic Resources journal, which places the alpaca at the primary level in the evolution of domestic animal breeds. and makes a review of the domestication of the alpaca, the treatment received during the conquest and colonialism, the inclusion of the alpaca fibre in the international textile market, the technical management during the Republic until the present, first in large farms (haciendas), then in the associative companies and currently in medium-sized properties and in State institutions and universities. Management testimonies are also presented with figures from some producers and finally the morphological differential characters and the fibre structure that characterizes and defines the Suri and Huacaya breeds.