Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by structural and functional abnormalities in the kidneys that persist for at least 3 months and are not reversible. With a global prevalence of 11% to 13% and 11% in Peru, CKD is a silent disease that can lead to complications such as anemia due to the shortened lifespan of red blood cells, alterations in iron metabolism, and reduced erythropoietin. The use of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) has sparked interest in CKD management. Studies such as DAPA-CKD and EMPA-KIDNEY have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors improve renal and cardiovascular parameters, increasing hemoglobin levels by 0.6 g/dl. This effect is attributed to improved erythropoiesis and efficient iron utilization through hepcidin reduction. Additionally, these inhibitors reduce oxidative stress and improve nitric oxide availab...

Caffeine is an alkaloid naturally present in fruits, leaves and seeds, capable of being rapidly and totally absorbed in the intestinal tract. It is metabolized in hepatocytes by the action of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP1A2, which gives monoxanthine as a product, a substrate for xanthine oxidase. Consumed in correct doses, that is, less than 400 mg/day, it has various beneficial reactions in the body, such as the inhibition of lipid peroxidation products and the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main responsible for various human pathologies. Similarly, it acts on inflammatory modulation by acting according to its concentration on adenosine A1 and A2a receptors in the immune system and nervous system, and by reducing reactive oxygen species, blocking the stimuli that trigger nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. involved in a...