Reheating food, a common practice in everyday life, poses risks to nutritional quality and health. Different methods, such as microwave, boiling and steaming, affect the organoleptic properties and generate unwanted compounds. Although microwave reheating has demonstrated improved sensory performance, concerns remain about nutrient loss and formation of unknown substances. This study focuses on nutritional macromolecules (starch, lipids and proteins), analyzing structural and functional changes under microwave heating. It also examines the taste, health benefits, potential risks, and bidirectional allergenicity associated with this method. Despite the growing popularity of microwaveable foods in daily life, there are divergent opinions about their effects on nutrition and health.   Recent research compares reheating methods, such as microwave, boiling, steaming, and open flame, high...

Caffeine is an alkaloid naturally present in fruits, leaves and seeds, capable of being rapidly and totally absorbed in the intestinal tract. It is metabolized in hepatocytes by the action of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP1A2, which gives monoxanthine as a product, a substrate for xanthine oxidase. Consumed in correct doses, that is, less than 400 mg/day, it has various beneficial reactions in the body, such as the inhibition of lipid peroxidation products and the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main responsible for various human pathologies. Similarly, it acts on inflammatory modulation by acting according to its concentration on adenosine A1 and A2a receptors in the immune system and nervous system, and by reducing reactive oxygen species, blocking the stimuli that trigger nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. involved in a...

Breast sarcoma (SM) is a rare cancer that affects the connective tissue of the breast. We present the case of a 47-year-old woman with a tumor in the right breast initially diagnosed as sarcoma by biopsy, but at the time of performing the mastectomy, the pathological analysis of the surgical specimen reported carcinoma, due to which the breasts were removed. axillary lymph nodes, which was later corrected to sarcoma by immunohistochemical studies. The patient underwent total mastectomy and axillary lymph node resection, followed by chemotherapy. Tumor necrosis, indicative of an aggressive tumor, complicated surgical management. The discordance in diagnosis underlines the importance of advanced techniques for accurate conclusion and timely treatment. Despite the size of the tumor and the aggressiveness of the sarcoma, the patient did not experience recurrence during post-treatment follow-...

Down syndrome is a pathology that, according to WHO, has a high worlwide and national incidence, frequently associated with congenital heart defects. It affects the human genetic material and it is caused by the nondisjunction of chromosome 21 (XY, + 21 or XX, + 21) or other alterations associated with the same chromosome (mosaicism, translocation). It manifests itself with peculiar characteristics in various areas of the body, among which congenital heart disease stands out, mainly atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD), caused by mutations in the CRELD1 gene. This gene contains 9 exons, encodes cell adhesion molecules and at the same time acts as a regulator of the calcineurin / NFATc1 signaling pathway, thus allowing correct cardiac morphogenesis. On the other hand,  DS  brings  with  it  defects in  the  immune  and  respiratory system,&nb...