The basic position of the researcher in the case of adaptation to the height of the existing races since prehistoric times, must be established on the concept of acclimatization, the undisputed leading inherent ability to live and reproduce. Therefore, the problem statement involves studying altitude climates and biological characteristics of the beings that inhabit it; that is, the functional integration mechanisms between organism and environment. It is considered as a starting point, bioclimatic units constituting physiological systems in dynamic equilibrium adapted to live from sea level perhaps above 5,300 meters (Bowman), who may just be the ecumene of the human race.

According Coon and Birsdell Coon one of the main factors in the differentiation of modern breeds have been natural selection operating on terms and incentives inherent in extreme environments. In the fourth glacial period the mongólioa race was the last to differentiate developed huge breasts, short limbs and globular bodies radiate little heat as possible. Mongolia is a plateau with an average altitude of 1,500 meters. Summers are hot and winters cold. Their migrations reach the 60 degree north latitude. The climatic environment corresponds to extreme cold, extreme altitude, and extreme anoxia as in the highlands of the Himalayas and the Andes whose inhabitants have the same characteristics.

Course graduate of the department of clinical medicine

As the man is in environmental balance, it is indisputable that if it changes, the agency must inexorably adapt to physiological deviations maintain "the fixity of the internal environment" (Claude Bernard).

The problems of living at altitude have raised interest and concern, and induced multiple studies Peruvian and foreign researchers. The desire for understanding has been that the man living there has balanced against environmental physiology rigor as that inhabit the sea level rises to high mountains, thus being subjected to an "anoxic aggression" against having to fight.

This work provided the basis for the conference supported by the Extension Course of Post-Graduate, University of San Agustin, Arequipa.

The relationship between man and the environment should be a matter of careful scientific research. On the physiology and acclimatization in the tropics and atmospheres quality work Castellani, Dili, Adolph and collaborators, Mills and Lee, are worthy of note: as well as important events during the war, the United States, Australia, etc., the literature does not fit within the terms of this contribution.

The aggressive action of the physical and chemical causes on male gonads has received increased attention in recent years. Thus in the excellent magazine Hueper, which we refer to knowledge of the literature until 1942, it realizes the exogenous factors that may act on the germinal epithelium causing loss of libido, azoospermia and tissue damage, reversible sometimes and other irreversible.

Until 1940, the prevailing view regarding the declining birth of sheep in the highlands compared to what is obtained at sea level, was based on the belief in the existence of sheep "butch" unable to reproduce. Despite this, farmers employing 5 or 7 acclimated males per 100 sheep, long residence with blood from sheep brought for the Colony; while at sea level, this percentage never exceeded 2 or 3 Yet it was extremely difficult to obtain, with imported animals, a higher reproduction ratio to 30% or 40%, particularly the first year of acclimatization, during which the percentage of fertility fell within 20% with the consequent economic loss.

Reversible actions and reactions between organism and environment in regard to life upon the American high plateaus lead to en adaptative process whose goal is acclimatization. As a consequence of the alluded interactions the organism may become adjusted either to live in the altitude individual acclimatization or to Iive and to reproduce, race acclimatization. To the author this phase of adjustment (adaptation) implies a form of Mountain Sickness to which he was the first to call attention in 1928. When Mountain Sickness is cured, acclimatization supervenes. Some men never get acclimatized. They develop Chronic Mountain Sickness and die. A form of survival is migration to the low lands. The environment assailment-climatic aggresion,-may be defined as the noxious action of the Andean climate ("temple", from the Greek, meaning "dwelling-place") upon the dwellers from low lands and that of...

Since prehistoric time, human life flourished in the high plateaus of South America (at 185 mm. of pressure ). The author states the general, as well as the particular differences between the inhabitants of the coast (who always live at sea level), and those newly arrived to high altitudes, as well as those completely acclimated there. He briefly reviews his own work on the subject, and that of other Peruvian and foreign authors. He concludes that the Andean man, has all the characteristics of an athlete, and much of the qualities we require of a pilot especially one who files in high altitudes. Acclimated people and animals are 100 % reproductive where as new corners are occasionally sterile. From the human and industrial standpoint this fact is of the greatest significance. The characteristic biological qualities of the acclimatized man, influence to the highest degree his social behav...

In 1931, the author, basing his observations on humans and on animals, stated the problem of fertility in the Andean plateau. Those men who live in the Andes, reproduce the same as those in the sea level. The same can be said of the animals of that region, and particularly those which have been acclimated for 400 years. Concerning animals, newly arrived to high lands, they show a diminution (50 to 60 70) in their fertility. The author describes the possible causes of this phenomenon. He points out the various methods of Electro ejaculation, which permit the obtaining of semen, when desired. He also indicates the occurrence of spermatogenesis in cats and rabbits at 4000 mts. above sea level. The author studies the characteristics of the standard semen of animals (rams ) and gives directive methods of research for verifying his hypothesis. Having once determined the "Standard Semen" of the...

The authors studies the fertility of cats and rabbits brought to high altitudes (4000 mts.), and describe the histologic changes observed in the testicles of these animals. They noticed an inhibition of spermatogenesis, though not in every animal. Regarding cats, they state the following: 1) the cells of the seminiferous tubules, are replaced by Sertolii Syncitium, the rest being a mass of thick and granular protoplasm; 2) there are no spermatogoniae; 3) there is an increase of Leidig cells as in the resting period of certain animals which exhibit periodical spermatogenesis. Among rabbits, there is also an inhibition of spermatogenesis, but not in all individuals. Only the phase of spermatogoniae has reached. Among the germinal cells, a great number of nucleus of Sertolii Syncitium, is noticeable. All these phenomena disappear when the animal is acclimated as the authors have repeatedly ...

Anoxia crónica, en dos carneros Corriedale, importados desde el nivel del mar (Chile), y traídos a Huancayo (3200 mts. de altitud), ha producido azzospermia. Ambos sufrían de mal de montaña. Uno de ellos, desarrolló un proceso reversible de azoospermia. Después de unas semanas, los espermatozoides aparecieron de nuevo y el animal mostró el deseo sexual. El carnero se está recuperando: pH y la movilidad de su líquido seminal, puede considerarse normal. El número de células se incrementa mucho. El otro carnero no obstante lo hecho de haber marcado el deseo sexual, después de cinco meses, está todavía en la azoospermia.

The work of Henderson and his associates on the blood, considered as a physical-chemical system, have established the mathematical functions that integrate the variables that constitute it. Dill, Talbot and Consolazid studied, following these guidelines, the electrolyte balance of man in heaven. In this study, we report the observations we conducted for 10 years.

From our first publications call attention to certain perturbations of congestive order brain ensuing crisis by misfits to life on high and that the matter, are very common even in mild cases provided a clinical setting rather shrewd questioning the patient's subjective history.

The pulse was one element that was first observed on trips to great heights. It has sought to establish a relationship between height and pulse rate while this was studied during the trip. At present - where effortless ascents or airplane - it is shown that such an event, but under certain conditions of rarefied air. We can say, as a result of our observations, this frequency is relatively moderate and only when signs appear normal Soroche to appear more or less intense tachycardia rhythm breaks.

In the previous communication we had necessarily refer to the performance of the heart against the effort to determine the frequency characteristics, shape, stability, etc., constituting man's pulse rate of the Andes. Indeed, we have noted the frequency of bradycardic and ortocárdicas reactions which are undoubtedly the best example of the physiological assessment of the Andean heart. So we said that the law of the Andean heart versus moderate or large effort, it is not a straight line as they occur at sea level - equal acceleration effort - but at the expense of the creek ortobradicárdicas reactions slowed to acceleration.

In our previous communications we have concluded the tendency to bradycardia and acceleration discrete reactions to the effort in populated highlands of Peru. Also we did see the heart of the Andean supranormal value judged by its cardiovascular response. In order to express the fact that this bradycardic brake even in newcomers appeared, allowed to assume the intervention of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart of man in heaven.

The existence of populations acclimated to life in the great heights of America inhabited since prehistoric times, between 2000 to 6000 meters above sea level, a need to study the Andean Biology: man, plants and animals. The characteristics of the man of the Andes that are specific morphological and physiological aspects, have been laid down for us in the best of our ability, in the Medical School of Lima.