University, as an institution, appears in the XII Century, under two models: Parisian, where professors get together, and Bolognian, where students hired professor. The Parisian Model prevailed. From an organizational point of view, these Universities were guilds of professors, where the student was in training. These groups of professors started to require certain formalities for group admission. In this context, Master and Doctor academic degrees were pre-requisites for a specific profession: University Professor.However, this profession was possible in such a time. Currently, the density of knowledge makes the mastery of a condition necessary but not sufficient for this profession. I propose that the Academic Degree of Master has lost its original specificity of being oriented towards the training of University Professors, and is now socially requested as a general training to become ...

El presente artículo examina la Formación de los Profesionales de la Salud (FPS) desde una perspectiva de Economía de la Salud. Para ello, el artículo se divide en tres partes: La primera, examina algunas características del funcionamiento de los mercados, las denominadas condiciones para el funcionamiento del Mercado Perfecto, para luego reconocer el nivel en que estos supuestos se cumplen en la FPS. La segunda parte aborda algunos elementos del estado actual de la oferta y la demanda de los profesionales de salud en el Perú. La tercera parte evalúa el tema de los costos de la formación.

Introduction: Chronic infant malnutrition is one of the main public health issues in Peru and in the world. Objectives: To determine achievements and limitations of a regional policy against chronic infant malnutrition in a Region of Peru. Design: Qualitative study, using the Health System Assessment Approach, as promoted by the World Health Organization. Setting: San Martin Region, Peru. Participants: Managers and professionals working at the Health Region as well as users and non users of the services. Interventions: In June and July 2014 semistructured interviews were conducted with health managers and workers at regional and local levels as well as with services users and non users. Main outcome measures: Bottlenecks in the reduction of child malnutrition. Results: Bottlenecks for each of the model components -governance, financing, provision, health resources, drugs, and information...

We performed a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition instant pregnant in a poor urban area of Lima. The sample included 61 pregnant women and 75 women control over 15 group, not pregnant, apparently healthy. The prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in pregnant women of 29.6% was found, using the criterion of percentage weight / size for gestational age according to the nomogram Rosso, and a prevalence of 26.7% in non-pregnant, and this difference was not statistically significant . It also reports a proportion of pregnant women under 20 years of 11.5% and 49.2% of pregnant women had at least one prenatal care. We conclude that the prevalence of malnutrition in pregnant women is high and would be related primarily to pre-gestational nutritional status.

En Salud y en Medicina, ya sea en el campo clínico o en la planificación y gerencia de los servicios, la toma de decisiones está intrínsecamente relacionada a la asignación de recursos; por tanto, al hecho implícito de valorar distintas opciones y a elegir entre ellas.

Objetivos: Caracterizar la utilización de servicios de salud por adultos a nivel local en un área pequeña urbana. Tipo de Estudio: Transversal. Material y Métodos: 100 encuestas domiciliarias por muestreo aleatorio simple; 34 encuestas a establecimientos; análisis estadístico con las pruebas de Chi Cuadrado. Test Exacto de Fisher, y ANOVA.

El artículo examina inicialmente conceptos sobre la equidad, tanto en la Provisión de los Servicios (proporcionalidad a la necesidad) como en el Financiamiento de los mismos (progresividad). Asimismo, conceptos sobre eficiencia, tanto productiva (producir servicios de la misma calidad al menor costo) como de asignación (que la producción conjunta rinda efectos totales que hagan que el sistema sea más eficiente). A partir de ellos, se aborda el tema de la Calidad, y se presentan mecanismos para mejorar simultáneamente la calidad y la eficiencia.

En este artículo se presenta principios esenciales del análisis de costos, paso común a todas las formas de evaluación económica en salud, y se discute una de las técnicas específicas, el análisis de costo-efectividad (ACE). El análisis de costos debe ser exhaustivo, y tomar en consideración tanto los costos incurridos por la institución prestadora del Servicio, como aquellos incurridos por el paciente y sus familiares, y los incurridos por terceros. Los costos son de tres tipos: costo total, costo promedio y costo marginal. Para evaluaciones económicas, se debe emplear siempre el costo marginal o en su defecto el costo incremental. El análisis de costo-efectividad es la técnica de evaluación económica en salud más empleada y se basa en la medición del resultado en unidades naturales y la comparación del costo por unidad de resultado entre dos o más programas o interv...

Background: It is necessary to establish bases for research in medical education at San Fernando Faculty of Medicine. Identification of investigators working in medical education latu sensu in health educational research is expected, as well as research lines and methods used. Objectives: To identify investigators dedicated to education research in health, and to identify lines of research and main methodologic strategies. Design: Bibliography review of articles y abstracts on health education. Setting: Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Participants: Investigators in health education. Methods: Participating units were the Faculty of Medicine’s thirteen academic departments and six institutes. Main outcome measures: Lines of medical research, investigators, methods, types of publication. Results: Main research lines in medical education were: Tea...

Introduction: Previous research has shown lack of articulation between university based research and research priorities as defined by the national health authority. Objectives: To identify explanatory factors for lack of articulation between university research activities and knowledge needs as defined by users. Design: Qualitative case study. Setting: Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru. Participants: Informants from both the university and the national health authority. Methods: The study was based in semi structured interviews to key informants, from the university and the national health authority. Main outcome measures: Lack of articulation explanatory factors. Results: Explanatory factors identified were: a) Research funding culture depending on own university limited resources, and not allowing proposed nationwide studies such as thos...

Mr. Editor In the article by Franco Romaní and collaborators, on the scientific production referred to the national agendas of research in Peru 2011-2014 (1), it is concluded that the research area in Human Resources in Health is the least studied area, with only 4 original articles published, that is, 1.8% of the articles identified in the study period.

We explore the Health Sector Reform process form a systemic viewpoint, in particular with a human resources perspective. We consider we have to make visible the human resources space as a key component of health sector reform, not only from a quantitative understanding, such as the need of medical specialists to provide health care, but also as the thinking block in the health system, so the quality, training, knowledge and expertise of these core resources, will be reflected in the quality of health sector reform proposals. Thus, we propose a dynamic flow among inception, implementation and deployment of health reform proposals, human resources development, and proposals development nuclei. This relationship is seen as a circular link, whereby balances and reinforcements in any of the three spaces determines changes in the other two; therefore, the proposed reform, there will be only fe...

Objective. To identify the relationship between organizational factors and individual factors of e-learning, with the use of it for the purposes of continued education of health professionals, in public and private hospitals. Methods. A non-experimental research has been developed, with a correlational scope, with a sample of 134 health professionals of one private and two public hospitals in Lima, Peru. Results. The use of e-learning for continued education is high (over 70%), with an average of 105 daily minutes of access to training content, and that its main modalities are video conferences and online courses. Our resuts suggest that invididual factors are more important than organizational factors as determinants of e-learning for continued education purposes. Conclusions. There is a direct relationship between the use of e-learning resources ...

A qualitative study designed for identifying factors influencing in publications produced by professors in San Marcos University Medical School. The researchers performed semi-structured interviews in a group of professors of the aforementioned school identified as significantly producing research and review papers. These persons were identified using the 2010 Database of the Research Council in San Marcos University. We identified the following factors facilitating publications: liaisons with foreign institutions outside Peru, discipline, training, focusing, multidisciplinary interactions, team building; and blocking factors identified were as follows: academic load and lack of resources for editorial activities. In a second level for analysis, we concluded that these are the circumstances reinforcing facilitating factors: participation in research networks and specialization in researc...

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La presente tesis aborda desde un modelo de investigación cualitativo, el examen de los factores asociados a la eficacia de la gestión de la cooperación en las Facultades de la UNMSM, con cuatro objetivos específicos: Identificar los factores facilitadores de la captación de los recursos de cooperación. Identificar los factores bloqueadores de la captación de los recursos de cooperación. Identificar los procesos reforzadores de los factores facilitadores de la captación de los recursos de cooperación. Identificar los procesos reforzadores de los factores bloqueadores de la captación de los recursos de cooperación. Para ello se asume como universo a las 20 Facultades, y se empieza por identificar siete indicadores que reflejan las tres dimensiones del quehacer universitario, desde la perspectiva de la cooperación. Sobre la base de estos siete criterios se asume una primera fa...

A qualitative study designed for identifying factors influencing in publications produced by professors in San Marcos University Medical School. The researchers performed semi-structured interviews in a group of professors of the aforementioned school identified as significantly producing research and review papers. These persons were identified using the 2010 Database of the Research Council in San Marcos University. We identified the following factors facilitating publications: liaisons with foreign institutions outside Peru, discipline, training, focusing, multidisciplinary interactions, team building; and blocking factors identified were as follows: academic load and lack of resources for editorial activities. In a second level for analysis, we concluded that these are the circumstances reinforcing facilitating factors: participation in research networks and specialization in researc...

No description

The National Public Health Sevice was created in Perú in 1912 as National First Care Service with four sections.  In the year 1945, its Central Care Post was opened as a Emergency Medical Surgical Service and First Aid. In 1951, especialized doctors and medical students  were incorporated, as well as ambulances for home care.  Peripheral posts were also open in many districts in Lima city, Callao and other states. The health care was proveded by care teams in 24 hours shifts, including Sundays.  In 1980 the National Public Health Service was uninstalled and it was migrated to a centralized model with the headquarter at the José Casimiro Ulloa Emergency Hospital. The article arguments for the utility of recovering the model of the National Public Assistance System, understood as a functional component of the National Health System, which will strengthen the first lev...

Objective: Identify whether the reason for care influences the waiting time in the health facility in the PeruvianpopulationduringtheCOVID-19 pandemic,according to analysis by ENAHO2020. Material and Methods: Crosssectional study with secondary analysis of data from the ENAHO of the Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) done in year 2020. For the analysis, regarding the reason for going to the health facility, symptoms were considered compatible with COVID- 19 and other acute symptoms. Results: Data of 1363 participants were analyzed No association was found between reason for consultation and waiting time. In the multivariate analysis found an association with female sex (PR: 2,97; IC: 1,09 – 1,54), being attended in centers of Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) establishment (PR:2,18; CI: 1,02 – 1,59)) and be attended by a doctor (PR: 6,52; IC: 1,53 – 2,21). Conclusión: Variab...