¿Aumentan las ventajas de las niñas en comprensión lectora y disminuyen las de los varones en matemática mientras más igualitaria es la cultura de género? Este estudio comparó regiones templadas del Perú, donde la mujer tiene más poder doméstico, con regiones cálidas, donde su poder es menor, en un análisis factorial que incluyó tres niveles de urbanización y dos de habilidad. Las respuestas de 140.655 escolares de segundo de primaria de la muestra de control 2011 del Ministerio de Educación indicaron que la ventaja verbal femenina aumenta con el nivel de urbanización. La ventaja masculina en matemática ocurrió solo entre los/las escolares de regiones templadas y fue mayor entre aquellos/as por encima de la mediana. El autor formula una hipótesis explicativa.

The coastal prejudice on the intelectual inferiority of Andean populations has been examined in scientific fora of Peru and abroad during the 19th and 20th centuries, but has not been systematically addressed by Peruvian psychology. Predictions were derived in this study from observations on cognitive effects of poor oxigenation, several evolutionary theories on cold and intelligence, and the theory of intelectualimpacts of UVB radiation and vitamin D3. The hypotheses were evaluated at both sides of the Andean mountains within a latitudinal segment (8º to 10º S) by analyzing mathematics and reading comprehension scores of children in 2nd grade of primary instruction from the 2 011 Control Sample of the Ministry of Education (N = 25 058). The findings strongly suggest that, if deficits in complex cognitive ability occur, they only affect persons not adapted to altitude.

This article deals with the concept of reflective thought or critical thinking from its initial formulation as an intellectual attitude to its current articulation as a third level of cognitive processing. Issues dealt with include critical thinking as a goal, as a cognitive process, as a part of dual cognitive processes, as a measurable disposition, as a measurable ability and as an educational task.

In his recent review of the national research on the education field, Rodriguez (2013) identified six general subjects that, in order of volume and productive wealth, seem to differentiate the first category-factors associated with school performance and attendance from the following categories: teacher training, teaching practices and classroom performance, learning resources, decentralization of education management and participation, funding and returns to education.

En una revisión reciente de la producción nacional en el área de la psicología del trabajo y las organizaciones o psicología industrial, León (1982a) identificó cinco líneas de investigación --referidas a la idiosincracia del trabajador peruano, variables socioculturales y socioeconómicas, sistemas participatorios, técnicas de personal, y desarrollos teóricos-- y evaluó los logros y vacíos de cada línea investigatoria. Sus conclusiones fueron las siguientes. Primero, la investigación psicológica del trabajo y las organizaciones en el Perú, cubriendo cinco campos claramente distinguibles, debe ser reconocida como temáticamente heterogénea. Segundo, los hallazgos empíricos sugieren consistentemente que el trabajador peruano es similar a sus colegas del resto del mundo, al menos psicológicamente; ello no descarta la posible existencia de características idiosincrátic...

La inflamación es una respuesta defensiva inespecífica de los tejidos a una agresión local. En la inflamación aguda prevalecen la dilatación de los vasos sanguíneos, la exudación de líquido y proteínas plasmáticas, y la emigración leucocitaria. En la crónica, la presencia de linfocitos y macrófagos, así como la proliferación de vasos sanguíneos y tejido conjuntivo. En ambas está presente el edema, el rubor, el aumento de temperatura local, y el dolor.

Do wives’ household decision-making power and husbands’ egalitarian beliefs concerning women’s roles independently determine contraceptive use? Do they determine fertility desire in analogous ways? What is the function of age, education, and work in these processes? Analyses of Demographic and Health Surveys’ Couple Recode data sets targeted nonpregnant women living with a sexual partner and the partner. The analyses encompassed rural and urban samples from India (N = 23,342), Indonesia (N = 7,219), and Nigeria (N = 7,062), and a rural sample from Ethiopia (N = 2,531). Wife’s fertility desire decreased as husband’s egalitarianism in urban settings and wife’s power in rural areas increased. Regardless of setting, contraceptive use increased as husband’s egalitarianism and wife’s power increased, and beliefs and power presented greater effects on contraceptive use than on...

The nations’ wealth and their population’s education increase with distance from the equator. The impact of latitude seen in Peru additionally encompasses women’s fertility desires and domestic power and the general population’s mental health.This article summarizes such findings and assesses the economic theories formulated to explain the latitude-wealth linkage considering temperature and cultural dissemination, as well as evolutionary theories, which point to racial differences in intelligence and personality. The article presents an alternative, recent Peruvian theory based on the contemporary influence of ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D which accounts for the evidence with greater parsimony and has important practical implications.

The coastal prejudice on the intelectual inferiority of Andean populations has been examined in scientific fora of Peru and abroad during the 19th and 20th centuries, but has not been systematically addressed by Peruvian psychology. Predictions were derived in this study from observations on cognitive effects of poor oxigenation, several evolutionary theories on cold and intelligence, and the theory of intelectualimpacts of UVB radiation and vitamin D3. The hypotheses were evaluated at both sides of the Andean mountains within a latitudinal segment (8º to 10º S) by analyzing mathematics and reading comprehension scores of children in 2nd grade of primary instruction from the 2 011 Control Sample of the Ministry of Education (N = 25 058). The findings strongly suggest that, if deficits in complex cognitive ability occur, they only affect persons not adapted to altitude.

In his recent review of the national research on the education field, Rodriguez (2013) identified six general subjects that, in order of volume and productive wealth, seem to differentiate the first category-factors associated with school performance and attendance from the following categories: teacher training, teaching practices and classroom performance, learning resources, decentralization of education management and participation, funding and returns to education.

This article deals with the concept of reflective thought or critical thinking from its initial formulation as an intellectual attitude to its current articulation as a third level of cognitive processing. Issues dealt with include critical thinking as a goal, as a cognitive process, as a part of dual cognitive processes, as a measurable disposition, as a measurable ability and as an educational task.

¿Aumentan las ventajas de las niñas en comprensión lectora y disminuyen las de los varones en matemática mientras más igualitaria es la cultura de género? Este estudio comparó regiones templadas del Perú, donde la mujer tiene más poder doméstico, con regiones cálidas, donde su poder es menor, en un análisis factorial que incluyó tres niveles de urbanización y dos de habilidad. Las respuestas de 140.655 escolares de segundo de primaria de la muestra de control 2011 del Ministerio de Educación indicaron que la ventaja verbal femenina aumenta con el nivel de urbanización. La ventaja masculina en matemática ocurrió solo entre los/las escolares de regiones templadas y fue mayor entre aquellos/as por encima de la mediana. El autor formula una hipótesis explicativa.

La inflamación es una respuesta defensiva inespecífica de los tejidos a una agresión local. En la inflamación aguda prevalecen la dilatación de los vasos sanguíneos, la exudación de líquido y proteínas plasmáticas, y la emigración leucocitaria. En la crónica, la presencia de linfocitos y macrófagos, así como la proliferación de vasos sanguíneos y tejido conjuntivo. En ambas está presente el edema, el rubor, el aumento de temperatura local, y el dolor.

The nations’ wealth and their population’s education increase with distance from the equator. The impact of latitude seen in Peru additionally encompasses women’s fertility desires and domestic power and the general population’s mental health.This article summarizes such findings and assesses the economic theories formulated to explain the latitude-wealth linkage considering temperature and cultural dissemination, as well as evolutionary theories, which point to racial differences in intelligence and personality. The article presents an alternative, recent Peruvian theory based on the contemporary influence of ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D which accounts for the evidence with greater parsimony and has important practical implications.

¿El poder decisional doméstico de la esposa y las creencias igualitarias del cónyuge concernientes al rol de la mujer determinan independientemente el uso de anticonceptivos? ¿Determinan el deseo fecundatorio de manera similar? ¿Cuál es la función de la edad, la educación y el trabajo en estos procesos? Varias bases de datos del tipo recodificación de parejas de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud fueron analizadas con foco en mujeres no embarazadas que viven con una pareja sexual y la pareja. Las bases de datos comprendían muestras rurales y urbanas de India (N = 23,342), Indonesia (N = 7,219) y Nigeria (N = 7,062), así como una muestra rural de Etiopía (N = 2,531). Se halló que el deseo fecundatorio de la esposa era menor cuanto mayor era el igualitarismo del cónyuge en ámbitos urbanos y cuanto mayor era el poder de ella en ámbitos rurales. Independientemente del ámbit...

Resultados de comparaciones reportadas entre países alrededor del globo desde 1999 indican quela riqueza de las naciones crece consistentemente con la distancia a la línea ecuatorial. ¿Está el territorio peruano exento de esta tendencia? Para reconciliar la contradictoria evidencia nacional y entender el rol de ciertos factores geofísicos y sociales, este estudio utilizó coordenadas GPS, datos de cuestionarios, archivos de clima, e información censal existentes en varias bases de datos(Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Perú 2000, Climate Wizard, G-Econ). Los activos del hogar crecen de norte a sur en las regiones ecológicas de Brack de orientación latitudinal estudiadas (desierto, puna, yunga, Amazonía), especialmente en ámbitos rurales, y la educación de la mujer lo hace en las tres primeras. Ni la temperatura ni otras 14 variables geofísicas y sociales dan cuenta de los ef...

Comparisons between countries around the globe reported since 1999 reveal that nations’ wealth consistently increases with distance from the Equator. Is Peru’s territory exempt from this trend? This study used GPS coordinates, questionnaire data, climate files, and census information from the 2000 Peru Demographic and Health Survey, Climate Wizard, and G-Econ data sets toreconcile the contradictory national evidence and understand the role of certain geophysical and social variables. Household assets increase from north to south in the Brack ecological regionswith latitudinal orientation which were studied (Desert, Puna, Yunga, Amazon), especially in rural settings, and as does women’s education, except in the Amazon. Neither temperature nor fourteen other geophysical and social variables account for such effects, though women’s domestic power explains them in the Yunga ecoregion...

In compliance with the recent Peruvian University Law, students who apply for a professional license may opt to write a thesis, but the requirement of a thesis is mandatory for a master´s or a doctorate degree to be granted. However, many academics seem confused on the nature of the thesis itself. In this paper, firstly, I contrast contribution to knowledge with student learning and qualification of competences; secondly, I review reasonable demands for each degree level; thirdly, show why present theses still conform to a bureaucratic and encyclopedic style which slows the process of conversion into a scientific article; finally, I discuss the role of the supervisor, and point out some of the risks of authoritarianism due to topic selection and acceptability.

En una revisión reciente de la producción nacional en el área de la psicología del trabajo y las organizaciones o psicología industrial, León (1982a) identificó cinco líneas de investigación --referidas a la idiosincracia del trabajador peruano, variables socioculturales y socioeconómicas, sistemas participatorios, técnicas de personal, y desarrollos teóricos-- y evaluó los logros y vacíos de cada línea investigatoria. Sus conclusiones fueron las siguientes. Primero, la investigación psicológica del trabajo y las organizaciones en el Perú, cubriendo cinco campos claramente distinguibles, debe ser reconocida como temáticamente heterogénea. Segundo, los hallazgos empíricos sugieren consistentemente que el trabajador peruano es similar a sus colegas del resto del mundo, al menos psicológicamente; ello no descarta la posible existencia de características idiosincrátic...

Call-center employees are prone to lateness, absenteeism, and turnover because their jobs are low-wage, low-skill, and provoke high levels of stress. Thus, considerate supervisors achieve from them better performance and reduced turnover. This study tested in a Peruvian call center (N = 255) various hypotheses concerned with the effects of peopleoriented leadership on withdrawal behaviors, their moderation by subordinate perceived employability, and the nature of the relationships between withdrawal behaviors. The evidence revealed independence of uncertified absenteeism from turnover intention, negative effects of people-oriented leadership on subordinate turnover intention regardless of subordinate level of employability, and leadership x employability crossover interactive effects on subordinate uncertified absenteeism. Since people-oriented supervision is associated with increased ab...