¿Aumentan las ventajas de las niñas en comprensión lectora y disminuyen las de los varones en matemática mientras más igualitaria es la cultura de género? Este estudio comparó regiones templadas del Perú, donde la mujer tiene más poder doméstico, con regiones cálidas, donde su poder es menor, en un análisis factorial que incluyó tres niveles de urbanización y dos de habilidad. Las respuestas de 140.655 escolares de segundo de primaria de la muestra de control 2011 del Ministerio de Educación indicaron que la ventaja verbal femenina aumenta con el nivel de urbanización. La ventaja masculina en matemática ocurrió solo entre los/las escolares de regiones templadas y fue mayor entre aquellos/as por encima de la mediana. El autor formula una hipótesis explicativa.

The coastal prejudice on the intelectual inferiority of Andean populations has been examined in scientific fora of Peru and abroad during the 19th and 20th centuries, but has not been systematically addressed by Peruvian psychology. Predictions were derived in this study from observations on cognitive effects of poor oxigenation, several evolutionary theories on cold and intelligence, and the theory of intelectualimpacts of UVB radiation and vitamin D3. The hypotheses were evaluated at both sides of the Andean mountains within a latitudinal segment (8º to 10º S) by analyzing mathematics and reading comprehension scores of children in 2nd grade of primary instruction from the 2 011 Control Sample of the Ministry of Education (N = 25 058). The findings strongly suggest that, if deficits in complex cognitive ability occur, they only affect persons not adapted to altitude.

This article deals with the concept of reflective thought or critical thinking from its initial formulation as an intellectual attitude to its current articulation as a third level of cognitive processing. Issues dealt with include critical thinking as a goal, as a cognitive process, as a part of dual cognitive processes, as a measurable disposition, as a measurable ability and as an educational task.

In his recent review of the national research on the education field, Rodriguez (2013) identified six general subjects that, in order of volume and productive wealth, seem to differentiate the first category-factors associated with school performance and attendance from the following categories: teacher training, teaching practices and classroom performance, learning resources, decentralization of education management and participation, funding and returns to education.

En una revisión reciente de la producción nacional en el área de la psicología del trabajo y las organizaciones o psicología industrial, León (1982a) identificó cinco líneas de investigación --referidas a la idiosincracia del trabajador peruano, variables socioculturales y socioeconómicas, sistemas participatorios, técnicas de personal, y desarrollos teóricos-- y evaluó los logros y vacíos de cada línea investigatoria. Sus conclusiones fueron las siguientes. Primero, la investigación psicológica del trabajo y las organizaciones en el Perú, cubriendo cinco campos claramente distinguibles, debe ser reconocida como temáticamente heterogénea. Segundo, los hallazgos empíricos sugieren consistentemente que el trabajador peruano es similar a sus colegas del resto del mundo, al menos psicológicamente; ello no descarta la posible existencia de características idiosincrátic...

The coastal prejudice on the intelectual inferiority of Andean populations has been examined in scientific fora of Peru and abroad during the 19th and 20th centuries, but has not been systematically addressed by Peruvian psychology. Predictions were derived in this study from observations on cognitive effects of poor oxigenation, several evolutionary theories on cold and intelligence, and the theory of intelectualimpacts of UVB radiation and vitamin D3. The hypotheses were evaluated at both sides of the Andean mountains within a latitudinal segment (8º to 10º S) by analyzing mathematics and reading comprehension scores of children in 2nd grade of primary instruction from the 2 011 Control Sample of the Ministry of Education (N = 25 058). The findings strongly suggest that, if deficits in complex cognitive ability occur, they only affect persons not adapted to altitude.

In his recent review of the national research on the education field, Rodriguez (2013) identified six general subjects that, in order of volume and productive wealth, seem to differentiate the first category-factors associated with school performance and attendance from the following categories: teacher training, teaching practices and classroom performance, learning resources, decentralization of education management and participation, funding and returns to education.

This article deals with the concept of reflective thought or critical thinking from its initial formulation as an intellectual attitude to its current articulation as a third level of cognitive processing. Issues dealt with include critical thinking as a goal, as a cognitive process, as a part of dual cognitive processes, as a measurable disposition, as a measurable ability and as an educational task.

¿Aumentan las ventajas de las niñas en comprensión lectora y disminuyen las de los varones en matemática mientras más igualitaria es la cultura de género? Este estudio comparó regiones templadas del Perú, donde la mujer tiene más poder doméstico, con regiones cálidas, donde su poder es menor, en un análisis factorial que incluyó tres niveles de urbanización y dos de habilidad. Las respuestas de 140.655 escolares de segundo de primaria de la muestra de control 2011 del Ministerio de Educación indicaron que la ventaja verbal femenina aumenta con el nivel de urbanización. La ventaja masculina en matemática ocurrió solo entre los/las escolares de regiones templadas y fue mayor entre aquellos/as por encima de la mediana. El autor formula una hipótesis explicativa.

La inflamación es una respuesta defensiva inespecífica de los tejidos a una agresión local. En la inflamación aguda prevalecen la dilatación de los vasos sanguíneos, la exudación de líquido y proteínas plasmáticas, y la emigración leucocitaria. En la crónica, la presencia de linfocitos y macrófagos, así como la proliferación de vasos sanguíneos y tejido conjuntivo. En ambas está presente el edema, el rubor, el aumento de temperatura local, y el dolor.

The nations’ wealth and their population’s education increase with distance from the equator. The impact of latitude seen in Peru additionally encompasses women’s fertility desires and domestic power and the general population’s mental health.This article summarizes such findings and assesses the economic theories formulated to explain the latitude-wealth linkage considering temperature and cultural dissemination, as well as evolutionary theories, which point to racial differences in intelligence and personality. The article presents an alternative, recent Peruvian theory based on the contemporary influence of ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D which accounts for the evidence with greater parsimony and has important practical implications.

¿El poder decisional doméstico de la esposa y las creencias igualitarias del cónyuge concernientes al rol de la mujer determinan independientemente el uso de anticonceptivos? ¿Determinan el deseo fecundatorio de manera similar? ¿Cuál es la función de la edad, la educación y el trabajo en estos procesos? Varias bases de datos del tipo recodificación de parejas de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud fueron analizadas con foco en mujeres no embarazadas que viven con una pareja sexual y la pareja. Las bases de datos comprendían muestras rurales y urbanas de India (N = 23,342), Indonesia (N = 7,219) y Nigeria (N = 7,062), así como una muestra rural de Etiopía (N = 2,531). Se halló que el deseo fecundatorio de la esposa era menor cuanto mayor era el igualitarismo del cónyuge en ámbitos urbanos y cuanto mayor era el poder de ella en ámbitos rurales. Independientemente del ámbit...

Resultados de comparaciones reportadas entre países alrededor del globo desde 1999 indican quela riqueza de las naciones crece consistentemente con la distancia a la línea ecuatorial. ¿Está el territorio peruano exento de esta tendencia? Para reconciliar la contradictoria evidencia nacional y entender el rol de ciertos factores geofísicos y sociales, este estudio utilizó coordenadas GPS, datos de cuestionarios, archivos de clima, e información censal existentes en varias bases de datos(Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Perú 2000, Climate Wizard, G-Econ). Los activos del hogar crecen de norte a sur en las regiones ecológicas de Brack de orientación latitudinal estudiadas (desierto, puna, yunga, Amazonía), especialmente en ámbitos rurales, y la educación de la mujer lo hace en las tres primeras. Ni la temperatura ni otras 14 variables geofísicas y sociales dan cuenta de los ef...

Comparisons between countries around the globe reported since 1999 reveal that nations’ wealth consistently increases with distance from the Equator. Is Peru’s territory exempt from this trend? This study used GPS coordinates, questionnaire data, climate files, and census information from the 2000 Peru Demographic and Health Survey, Climate Wizard, and G-Econ data sets toreconcile the contradictory national evidence and understand the role of certain geophysical and social variables. Household assets increase from north to south in the Brack ecological regionswith latitudinal orientation which were studied (Desert, Puna, Yunga, Amazon), especially in rural settings, and as does women’s education, except in the Amazon. Neither temperature nor fourteen other geophysical and social variables account for such effects, though women’s domestic power explains them in the Yunga ecoregion...

In compliance with the recent Peruvian University Law, students who apply for a professional license may opt to write a thesis, but the requirement of a thesis is mandatory for a master´s or a doctorate degree to be granted. However, many academics seem confused on the nature of the thesis itself. In this paper, firstly, I contrast contribution to knowledge with student learning and qualification of competences; secondly, I review reasonable demands for each degree level; thirdly, show why present theses still conform to a bureaucratic and encyclopedic style which slows the process of conversion into a scientific article; finally, I discuss the role of the supervisor, and point out some of the risks of authoritarianism due to topic selection and acceptability.

Call-center employees are prone to lateness, absenteeism, and turnover because their jobs are low-wage, low-skill, and provoke high levels of stress. Thus, considerate supervisors achieve from them better performance and reduced turnover. This study tested in a Peruvian call center (N = 255) various hypotheses concerned with the effects of peopleoriented leadership on withdrawal behaviors, their moderation by subordinate perceived employability, and the nature of the relationships between withdrawal behaviors. The evidence revealed independence of uncertified absenteeism from turnover intention, negative effects of people-oriented leadership on subordinate turnover intention regardless of subordinate level of employability, and leadership x employability crossover interactive effects on subordinate uncertified absenteeism. Since people-oriented supervision is associated with increased ab...

Purpose – Call centers generate stress and absenteeism in staff and the literature suggests that peopleoriented leadership is the right way of supervision for such a situation. This study compared its effects versus those of other types of leadership. Methodology – Absentee data of 379 representatives of customer services of a Peruvian call center were analyzed and the representatives answered a questionnaire about the Framework of Values in Competition and its four types of leadership. Day and night work shifts were compared. Results – It was observed that absenteeism declines with people-oriented leadership although only during the day shift and the addition of leadership oriented to change results and control devalues models. Limitations/implications – Future studies should cover the performance of the worker. The findings suggest a need to re-focus the theoretical focus on en...

An ample repertoire of leadership behaviors available to the manager is expected to guarantee his/her effectiveness transcending situations, but research in the call-center context has identified a specific form of effective supervision: people-oriented leadership. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of leader behavioral complexity vis-a-vis people-oriented supervision. 268 employees out of 728 of a Peruvian call center filled in an on-line survey that included, among other questionnaires, the Competing Values Framework Managerial Behavior Instrument in reference to their front-line supervisor. The study analyzed the relationships between supervisory leadership and subordinate turnover intention and absenteeism. Behavioral complexity, like people-oriented leadership, predicted subordinate turnover intention but did not predict subordinate absenteeism, which people-o...

This study utilized the ten aspects of the Big Five personality system to detect differences in personality traits between attendants of higher education online courses and attendants of higher education face-to-face courses. Distance education theoreticians have formulated hypotheses on the personality traits that make the Autonomy, Connectedness, Diversity, and Openness attributes of the connectivist learning model attractive. 753 participants in executive extension courses of a Peruvian university in Lima (mean age = 34.62 years) filled-in an online questionnaire which included the Big Five Aspect Scales. Whereas none of the Big Five factors discriminated between attendants and non-attendants of online courses, the former emerged as significantly higher in Industriousness (an aspect of Conscientiousness) and lower in Orderliness (the second aspect of Conscientiousness) and Enthusiasm ...

En el marco de la teoría humanista sobre la satisfacción laboral, este trabajo tuvo por objetivo determinar si la oportunidad de crecimiento psicológico en el trabajo es valorada positivamente por trabajadores del sector gráfico o si es irrelevante para su estado de satisfacción. Más específicamente, trata de determinar si mientras más habilidades pueda poner en juego el trabajador en su puesto, mayor será su satisfacción con él; además, si esto también sucede cuando se tiene en cuenta el nivel salarial del trabajador. Los resultados demuestran que tanto entre los empleados como entre los obreros del sector gráfico nacional se da la relación propuesta por los teóricos humanistas: mientras mayor es la oportunidad que brinda el puesto de poner en juego todas las habilidades, mayor es la satisfacción general del trabajador, así como su gusto por el puesto que desempeña. S...