The simulation model is a useful assessment tool to analyze in depth evaluation of investment projects, improving investor decision making. Contributes to investigate new project ideas and help identify investment opportunities aimed at the reformulation of projects, adapting to the attitudes and investor requirements. An alternative choice is the mathematics expectation that is used in the calculation of probabilities that an event occurs. The fact that a good estimate of the elements involved in the calculation of profitability is not conducted, can lead to invalidate the analysis, and therefore, can lead to approve unprofitable projects and vice versa. When is known the probability of an event occurring certain number of years, usually applies a certain percentage during that period. For example, if the probability of an event occurring is 20 years, a rate of 5% per annum will apply.

The simulation model is a useful assessment tool to analyze in depth evaluation of investment projects, improving investor decision making. Contributes to investigate new project ideas and help identify investment opportunities aimed at the reformulation of projects, adapting to the attitudes and investor requirements. An alternative choice is the mathematics expectation that is used in the calculation of probabilities that an event occurs. The fact that a good estimate of the elements involved in the calculation of profitability is not conducted, can lead to invalidate the analysis, and therefore, can lead to approve unprofitable projects and vice versa. When is known the probability of an event occurring certain number of years, usually applies a certain percentage during that period. For example, if the probability of an event occurring is 20 years, a rate of 5% per annum will apply.

En este trabajo de investigación, presentamos un estudio teórico y analítico sobre las principales ecuaciones fundamentales y procedimientos de algunas técnicas espectroscópicas relacionadas con la determinación de propiedades físicas de los materiales en su estado cristalino. Presentamos además algunas técnicas adicionales que son de utilidad en estos procesos de caracterización y hacemos un análisis detallado acerca de un sistema de visualización de elementos en escala microscópica denominado microscopio electrónico de barrido y su relación con la novedosa técnica llamada espectroscopia de electrones retrodispersados la cual genera información fundamental acerca de la morfología de las superficies y la constitución de materiales, siendo estos parámetros de vital importancia en el diseño y fabricación de materiales específicos para usos industriales.

The development of a solid financial system that drives economic growth is of utmost importance to generate improvements in the levels of social welfare of a country or region. According to figures estimated by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), in the Arequipa region there is still a high percentage of people who do not use formal financial services. In this way, policies that promote financial inclusion emerge as a fundamental piece to provide equal opportunities for access to financial services in those households with low-income levels. For this reason, this article was for determine whether economic and sociodemographic aspects significantly influence access to financial services in households in the Arequipa region, using econometric models with binary dependent variables (logit and probit). The information comes from the National Household Survey (ENAHO),...