The aim of this study was to characterize the guinea pig production system in the Mocha canton, Ecuador. All 124 producers in the canton were surveyed. A population of 14 165 ± 130 guinea pigs was found, of which 85.5% are commercial lines and 14.5% are native. The most widely used breeding system was the Family-Commercial (up to 100 guinea pigs) with 50.8% of the producers, followed by the Commercial system (more tan 100 guinea pigs) with 37.9%, and the Family system (up to 25 guinea pigs) with 11.3%. Breeding is done mostly by women (76.6%). The survey showed that 83.1% of the producers have received training courses on raising guinea pigs. The facilities in ponds are the most used (54.8%), followed by cages (31.5%) and mixed (13.7%). The facilities are cleaned monthly (67.8%), biweekly (28.2%) or weekly (4.0%). Guinea pigs are mostly marketed biweekly (66.1%) in the local market. The...

The compositional, physicochemical and hygienic quality of the raw milk collected in two dairy plants in Cotopaxi, Ecuador was analyzed and compared with the Ecuadorian regulations. Ten suppliers were selected per company for a total of 210 samples per dairy plant in 21 consecutive days. The compositional quality (fat) was measured with the INEN 0012 standard, for the physicochemical quality the analysis methods of the standards INEN 0009, INEN 0011, INEN 0013, CONVENIN 1315-79 were used. For hygienic quality was used the AOAC 990.12 standard and to determine antibiotic residues the AuroFlow BTS Combo Strip Test kit was used. The variables of acidity, fat, relative density, color, odor, aspect, pH and antibiotic residues showed compliance with the Ecuadorian regulations and did not show significant differences between the dairy plants. Conversely, the fat and pH content were different be...

The compositional, physicochemical and hygienic quality of the raw milk collected in two dairy plants in Cotopaxi, Ecuador was analyzed and compared with the Ecuadorian regulations. Ten suppliers were selected per company for a total of 210 samples per dairy plant in 21 consecutive days. The compositional quality (fat) was measured with the INEN 0012 standard, for the physicochemical quality the analysis methods of the standards INEN 0009, INEN 0011, INEN 0013, CONVENIN 1315-79 were used. For hygienic quality was used the AOAC 990.12 standard and to determine antibiotic residues the AuroFlow BTS Combo Strip Test kit was used. The variables of acidity, fat, relative density, color, odor, aspect, pH and antibiotic residues showed compliance with the Ecuadorian regulations and did not show significant differences between the dairy plants. Conversely, the fat and pH content were different be...

The research was carried out in three municipal slaughter centers located in the southwest of Ecuador. Two weeks were used as a pre-experimental phase to validate the method, evaluating animal welfare indicators during entry into the access chute, knockout box, stunning and bleeding. Animal welfare was evaluated on direct, indirect, sensitivity and post mortem head inspection indicators. The sample consisted of 102 animals in Center A and 400 in centers B and C. In A (95.1%) the cattle were stung at least once on the sleeve, in B (41%) slips were observed, while in C (39.3%) vocalizations were recorded. Regarding the knockout box, 26.3% slipped (C), 15.7% fell, 20.6% vocalized (A), and 13.7% attempted to escape (A). The proportion of animals that fell at the first shot was 52.9% (A) and 88% (B and C) with an interval between stunning and bleeding of less than one minute of 4.9% (A), 0.8%...

The aim of this research was to evaluate two methods of sensitivity for the inhibition of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC® 11632), the Kirby-Bauer method and the modified agar wells, using honey 100% from Apis mellifera. The modified method in agar wells formed inhibition halos of 25.04 mm and that of Kirby-Bauer of 21.15 mm, indicating that the modified method in agar wells is more sensitive than the Kirby-Bauer method.The aim of this research was to evaluate two methods of sensitivity for the inhibition of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC® 11632), the Kirby-Bauer method and the modified agar wells, using honey 100% from Apis mellifera. The modified method in agar wells formed inhibition halos of 25.04 mm and that of Kirby-Bauer of 21.15 mm, indicating that the modified method in agar wells is more sensitive than the Kirby-Bauer method.

La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar dos métodos de sensibilidad para la inhibición del crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC® 11632), el método de Kirby-Bauer y el de pozos modificados de agar, mediante la utilización de miel de abeja pura de Apis mellifera en una concentración al 100%. El método modificado en pozos de agar formó halos de inhibición de 25.04 mm y el de Kirby-Bauer de 21.15 mm, indicando que el método modificado en pozos de agar es más sensible que el de Kirby-Bauer.

The antimicrobial effect of cinnamon essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on strains of Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated. The cinnamon oil was obtained by the method of steam distillation, decanted, and stored at 4 °C. A completely randomized design was applied with five treatments (10, 30, 50, 70, 90% of cinnamon oil) and five replicates. The determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the extract was verified at 50, 70 and 90% of the oil. On Mueller-Hinton agar, zero colony growth was observed with respect to the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration. The strain Salmonella typhimurium presented greater sensitivity to cinnamon oil than the strain Salmonella choleraesuis in relation to the diameter of the halos of sensitivity.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of thyme essential oil (Thymus vulgaris) on Staphylococcus aureus. Concentrations at 1, 5, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% were evaluated in 96.8% dilution in ethanol. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined by the broth microdilution method. The bacterial inoculum was standardized to 0.5 of the MacFarland scale in spectrophotometer, with the result that the 1% tube of thyme oil did not present turbidity. This, when cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar, determined the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration where no colony growth was observed. The results indicate that treatments at 5 and 10% were not significantly different (p<0.05) with values of inhibition halos of 15.35 mm and 15.9 mm, respetively compared to 1% concentration that presented 12.2 mm of halo of inhibition.

El efecto antimicrobiano del aceite esencial de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) sobre cepas de Salmonella choleraesuis y Salmonella typhimurium fue investigado. El aceite de canela se obtuvo a través del método de destilación por arrastre de vapor y sometido a decantación, almacenándolo en refrigeración a 4 °C. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos (10, 30, 50, 70 90% de aceite de canela) y cinco repeticiones. La Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria determinada del extracto se verificó al 50, 70 y 90% del aceite. En agar Mueller-Hinton se observó cero crecimientos de colonias con respecto a la Concentración Bactericida Mínima. La cepa Salmonella typhimurium presentó mayor sensibilidad al aceite de canela que la cepa Salmonella choleraesuis, en referencia al diámetro de los halos de sensibilidad.

El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana in vitro del aceite esencial de tomillo (Thymus vulgaris) sobre Staphylococcus aureus. Se evaluaron concentraciones al 1, 5, 10, 30, 50, 70 y 90% en dilución en etanol al 96.8%. Se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria mediante el método de microdilución en caldo. El inóculo bacteriano se estandarizó al 0.5 de la escala de MacFarland en espectofotómetro, teniendo como resultado que el tubo al 1% de aceite de tomillo no presentó turbidez. Este, al ser sembrado en agar Mueller-Hinton determinó la Concentración Bactericida Mínima donde no se observó crecimiento de colonias. Los resultados indican que los tratamientos al 5 y 10% no son significativamente diferentes (p<0.05) con valores de halos de inhibición de 15.35 mm y 15.9 mm, respectivamente, en comparación al 1% que presentó 1...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of eucalyptus essential oil (Eucaliptus spp) on Escherichia coli ATCC® 11229 and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC® 25904. Concentrations of 30, 60 and 90% were evaluated in dilution in 96.8% ethanol. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth microdilution method. The bacterial inoculum was standardized to 0.5 of the MacFarland scale in spectrophotometer, obtaining as a result that the concentrations of 60 and 90% did not present turbidity. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) determined in Mueller-Hinton agar was present from the 60% concentration for the two strains under study. The antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that all concentrations showed antimicrobial sensitivity and that the concentrations at 30 and 60% were not significantly different, present...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of eucalyptus essential oil (Eucaliptus spp) on Escherichia coli ATCC® 11229 and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC® 25904. Concentrations of 30, 60 and 90% were evaluated in dilution in 96.8% ethanol. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth microdilution method. The bacterial inoculum was standardized to 0.5 of the MacFarland scale in spectrophotometer, obtaining as a result that the concentrations of 60 and 90% did not present turbidity. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) determined in Mueller-Hinton agar was present from the 60% concentration for the two strains under study. The antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that all concentrations showed antimicrobial sensitivity and that the concentrations at 30 and 60% were not significantly different, present...