The aim of the study was to describe the perception of risk before COVID-19 from a modeling exercise of methodology, gnoseology and epistemology in postgraduate teaching. The study was carried out in July 2020 with university professors from the International Diploma ¨Strategic competence in scientific research methodology¨, which was developed at the San Luis Gonzaga National University in Ica, Peru. The qualitative observation and participation technique was applied to the university teachers, where an analysis of the route through some main avenues of the city of Ica was shown from 09:30 to 11:00 and 14:00 to 15:30. Through a random probability sampling, the number of people with the incorrect use of the mask as the main means of protection and biosafety against COVID-19 was recorded. Limitation was observed in the perception of risk of university teachers where there were no statis...

The aim of the study was to describe the perception of risk before COVID-19 from a modeling exercise of methodology, gnoseology and epistemology in postgraduate teaching. The study was carried out in July 2020 with university professors from the International Diploma ¨Strategic competence in scientific research methodology¨, which was developed at the San Luis Gonzaga National University in Ica, Peru. The qualitative observation and participation technique was applied to the university teachers, where an analysis of the route through some main avenues of the city of Ica was shown from 09:30 to 11:00 and 14:00 to 15:30. Through a random probability sampling, the number of people with the incorrect use of the mask as the main means of protection and biosafety against COVID-19 was recorded. Limitation was observed in the perception of risk of university teachers where there were no statis...

Introduction: Non-responsible self-medication leads to low effectiveness and insecurity in treatments, damage of health and patient dissatisfaction. Objective: To identify factors associated with non-responsible self-medication in the Peruvian population. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary analysis of the National Survey of Users Satisfaction in Health performed in Peru in 2016. It included 3849 users of pharmaceutical establishments. Chi-square statistic with p-value, crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Results: When the dispenser of the medicine did not request the prescription from the user, the risk of non-responsible self-medication was very high (aOR=29.057). Additionally, going to the pharmaceutical establishment to ask for advice (aOR=1.884), eve...