Anaerobic digestion enables the degradation of the biodegradable organic fraction present in solid waste, transforming it into biogas with high methane content and high energy use, and a fi nal residue with a high rate of destruction of pathogenic microorganisms which meets the conditions to be used as a soil improver and biofertilizer. In this context, the production of biogas and methane gas from the anaerobic digestion of two varieties of cocoa (CCN-51 and Nacional) was evaluated and the obtained substrate was nutritionally characterized. Th e following treatments were studied: T1 Shell CCN-51 (20% ST); T2 Shell CCN-51 (30% ST); T3 Slime CCN-51; T4 Shell CCN-51 + Slime CCN-51 (20% ST); T5 Shell CCN-51 + Slime CCN-51 (30% ST), T6 Shell Nacional (20% ST); T7 Shell de Nacional (30% ST); T8 Slime Nacional; T9 Shell de Nacional + Slime Nacional (20% ST); T10 Shell Nacional + Slime Nacional...

The man has adopted innumerable procedures to improve the quality of his agricultural products, as well as to mitigate the adversities that can occur in crops, looking for alternatives to improve soils, produce under controlled conditions, guarantee profitability in crops and contribute to the health of consumers. Agroecological agriculture or other expressions is the result of intensive, industrial agriculture, or the green revolution due to the negative impacts on the soil, the atmosphere and crops such as cucurbits, among which stand out: melon (Cucumis melo L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus T.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.), among other. The objective of this work was to develop a literature review on the use of organic fertilizers in cucurbits. It was used in the review of 56 scientific documents in English, Spanish and Portuguese, included in Web of...

Cow pea vean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) has traditionally been an important crop for smallholder farmers, and in many cases is the main source of low-cost dietary plant protein and minerals compared to animal products such as meat, fi sh, and egg. Th e inoculation of rhizobia in cowpeas is a promising technology to improve production. In this work, the importance of growth-promoting bacteria in cowpea beans was evaluated through a literature review, to improve the performance of the production system in the diff erent stages of the crop. A search of bibliographic information has been carried out for the preparation of this literature review using scientifi c information published from 1982 to the present, totaling 67 documents (books, book chapters, scientifi c articles, among others) written in diff erent languages such as Spanish, English and Portuguese, included in the Scopus, Web o...

Vermiculture is a very important activity, which allows the recycling of the waste generated from agricultural, agroindustry, and municipal activities, through worms that have infl uenced agricultural soils for thousands of years, improving fertility conditions in various soils. due to its easy handling. Th e use of worms allows the transformation of organic waste quickly to produce fertilizer rich in microorganisms called vermicompost (VC), with a contribution of assimilable nutrients for crops. Ecologically, it constitutes a fundamental element for organic production, providing an effi cient and profi table fertilizer for agricultural use in low doses, especially for small producers. Th us, the present literature review aims to demonstrate the eff ect of the application of vermicompost on the agronomic behavior of various crops. Searches of bibliographic information of various manuscri...

Ecuador is a country where three sectors with bioenergy potential have been identifi ed: fi rstly, agriculture, with products such as rice, bananas, cocoa, coff ee, sugar cane, hard corn, African palm, hearts of palm, pineapple, and plantain. Th e second is the livestock sector, with poultry, pig, and beef activities. Th e third is the forester. The residues generated by Musaceae (Banana and Plantain) are not well used effi ciently because they are disposed of in the open air and present environmental and economic problems for banana growers, however, this fruit off ers the opportunity to obtain valueadded bioproducts due to its chemical composition. Musaceae crops have been established predominantly in lands with a high mechanized agricultural vocation and with great hydrological wealth, these areas are of medium and high vulnerability to productive processes, and are not recommended fo...

The present work has as its main objective to evaluate the potential of the use of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L). for the generation of biofuel, through a literature review. The physic nut is a shrub of economic importance, due to its various industrial uses. It is relevant for the development of bioenergy, due to the high concentration of oil in its seeds, which is why it is used for the production of biodiesel, while the shells of its fruits can be considered for the production of ethanol due to its high cellulose content. The cake obtained after the oil extraction process is a useful organic by-product that contains considerable amounts of macro and micronutrients, being suitable for agricultural use as organic fertilizer, and if the cake goes through a detoxification process, it can be used as animal feed.  

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the biogas production from cassava fibers (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with different inocula and chemical characterization of the biodigested substrates. The treatments were distributed as follows: T . Cassava peel + water, T . Cassava + water central cylinder, T . 1 2 3 Cassava peel + central cylinder + water, T . Cassava peel + Bovine manure biodigestion inoculum, T . 4 5 Cassava central cylinder + Bovine manure biodigestion inoculum, T . Peel + cassava central cylinder + 6 Bovine manure biodigestion inoculum, T . Cassava peel + Physic nut seed cake biodigestion inoculum, T . 7 8 Cassava central cylinder + Physic nut seed cake biodigestion inoculum, T . Cassava peel + central 9 cylinder + Physic nut seed cake biodigestion inoculum, T . Cassava peel + pig manure biodigestion 10 inoculum, T . Cassava central cylinder + pig manure biodige...

The objective of this work is to collect information on the importance of symbiotic bacteria in peanut cultivation. Peanuts are of great economic importance, being present within the four most important grains in the world. Its wide distribution ranges from Asia, Africa, America, and South America. The entire biological process of a legume is carried out in the root system where the Rhizobia that are part of the root nodules are responsible for fixing nitrogen independently, this process is responsible for triggering the growth, development, and performance of plants. The symbiotic bacteria present in the soil are responsible for fixing nitrogen, as well as nitrate and ammonium, these bacteria take nitrogen from the air, giving rise to compounds capable of being incorporated into the composition of living beings and the soil. Rhizobacteria have advantages related to the promotion of plan...

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 1897) is a crop that produces the most signifi cant amount of oil in the world. During the crude palm oil extraction process, tons of waste is generated, such as rachis, fi ber, and mud, that can be used for the production of organic matter and used as organic fertilizer. Thus, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of the application of effi cient microorganisms (ME) in the decomposition of African palm residues (mud, fi ber, and rachis) for the compost elaboration. For the compost elaboration, six treatments were established (spines with effi cient microorganisms, spines without effi cient microorganisms, fi ber with effi cient  microorganisms, fiber without efficient microorganisms, sludge with efficient microorganisms, and sludge without efficient microorganisms), with three repetitions for each one, in a completel...

The castor (Ricinus communis L.) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, which is established on all continents. It generates great interest worldwide thanks to the content of oil extracted from the seed, which can be used in the production of biofuels, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, organic fertilizers, among other uses. The main of this work is to analyze the current situation of the cultivation of castor in Ecuador. The literature review was carried out, carrying out an exhaustive search in the Google Scholar, Scielo, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, from 1973 to 2022, with a total of 52 scientific manuscripts. Currently, the supply of seeds for extraction companies has been affected in Ecuador and has put the companies adrift, because there are few producers that produce it, and it is not a technified crop or with incentives from the Ecuadorian government. It is expected tha...

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of both organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the intensity and epidemiological components of Cercospora leaf spot across three different canopies of cotton plants, specifically the variety DP ACALA 90, under field conditions. Fertilizers used in the study included bovine manure, Jatropha curcas seedcake, poultry manure, and urea (the latter serving as a control). These were applied at 20 days after plant emergence and then during the flowering stage until the total nitrogen (N) dose reached 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg N per hectare. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed starting at the reproductive stage B1 (the first visible flower bud) across the lower, middle, and upper canopies of four cotton plants, with six evaluations conducted over time. To calculate the initial inoculum (Y0) and the disease progress rate (r),...

Cotton is a very demanding plant at a nutritional level; for this reason, it is necessary to carry out an effective application of fertilizers, standing out in recent times as those of organic origin. The main of this research was to evaluate, through a literature review, the importance of organic fertilization in the sustainable production of cotton cultivation. It was used in the study of 44 scientific documents from the Scielo, Redalyc, Latindex, and Scopus databases. The search for scientific manuscripts was comprised in the period between 2002 and 2022, using keywords in both Spanish and English: ¨cotton¨, ¨origin of cotton¨, ¨cotton distribution¨, ¨benefits and uses of cotton cultivation¨, ¨vegetative cycle of cotton¨, ¨cotton phenology¨, ¨effects of organic fertilization in cotton cultivation¨.¨nutritional requirements of cotton cultivation¨, ¨mineral and organic ...

In this work, the behavior and physicochemical characteristics of fruits, seeds, and the oil extracted from three promising sprocket lines CP041, CP052, and CP054 with degrees of maturation were evaluated: light green, yellow, yellowish-brown, and dark brown. Th e samples were obtained from the germplasm bank of the Portoviejo Experimental Station of the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIAP-EEP), Manabí, Ecuador. In the statistical analysis, it was determined that the ripe fruits were the ones that presented the highest percentage of oil content, being the line CP041 the one that presented the highest content. In the percentage of seeds in nuts, the CP041 line had a higher yield than the CP054 line. As for proteins, the CP041 line stood out, in the percentage of fi ber and humidity CP052 and the percentage of ash CP054. In line CP041, the light green fruit oil had a highe...

In this work, the behavior and physicochemical characteristics of fruits, seeds, and the oil extracted from three promising sprocket lines CP041, CP052, and CP054 with degrees of maturation were evaluated: light green, yellow, yellowish-brown, and dark brown. Th e samples were obtained from the germplasm bank of the Portoviejo Experimental Station of the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIAP-EEP), Manabí, Ecuador. In the statistical analysis, it was determined that the ripe fruits were the ones that presented the highest percentage of oil content, being the line CP041 the one that presented the highest content. In the percentage of seeds in nuts, the CP041 line had a higher yield than the CP054 line. As for proteins, the CP041 line stood out, in the percentage of fi ber and humidity CP052 and the percentage of ash CP054. In line CP041, the light green fruit oil had a highe...

El tomate es cultivado en todos los continentes y representa una de las principales fuentes de vitaminas y minerales, lo cual lo hace muy apetecido en el consumo diario de los hogares. Ante el resurgimiento de nuevas plagas en el cultivo de tomate los productores aplican indiscriminadamente plaguicidas, provocando efectos negativos para el ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo fue diagnosticar el uso e impactos de plaguicidas en el cultivo de tomate en la parroquia Riochico, cantón Portoviejo, provincia de Manabí, Ecuador. Se utilizó el método deductivo e inductivo, sobre los agricultores dedicados a la actividad tomatera, lo cual permitió diagnosticar, describir y determinar el impacto en la sostenibilidad agroecológica por el uso indiscriminado de plaguicidas. Los resultados mostraron que las aplicaciones de plaguicidas se las realiza sin criterio técnico y se sitúan entre 35...

Dichotomous keys are resources or tools that researchers, teachers or other personnel linked to the study of biological sciences use for the determination of diff erent species of organisms, by comparing two exclusive characters. The investigation proposes diff erent dichotomous keys, illustrated in electronic format, for the identifi cation of diff erent aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate taxa present in Cuban fauna that includes orders, families, genera and species, and that are in correspondence with the Zoology Program’s General II (Zoology of the chordates), which is taught in the Degree in Biology Education at the Central University “Marta Abreu” of Las Villas, in the Republic of Cuba. Various theoretical and empirical methods were used in the investigation in their dialectical interrelation which allowed identifying the existing defi ciencies and proposing the solution. Th e...

Dichotomous keys are resources or tools that researchers, teachers or other personnel linked to the study of biological sciences use for the determination of diff erent species of organisms, by comparing two exclusive characters. The investigation proposes diff erent dichotomous keys, illustrated in electronic format, for the identifi cation of diff erent aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate taxa present in Cuban fauna that includes orders, families, genera and species, and that are in correspondence with the Zoology Program’s General II (Zoology of the chordates), which is taught in the Degree in Biology Education at the Central University “Marta Abreu” of Las Villas, in the Republic of Cuba. Various theoretical and empirical methods were used in the investigation in their dialectical interrelation which allowed identifying the existing defi ciencies and proposing the solution. Th e...

Actualmente debido a la contaminación de los ambientes, se buscan alternativas de control de los insectos plagas que afectan a los cultivos de limón, y para ello se está recurriendo al empleo de insectos benéficos depredadores. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la percepción de los agricultores de la eficacia de parasitoides en el control de plagas y en la sostenibilidad agroecológica del limón en Rio Chico, Portoviejo de Ecuador. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo – deductivo, a partir de una encuesta anónima de preguntas cerradas a 250 productores de limón del cantón Riochico, y 30 técnicos del Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca (MAGAP) y del Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias del Ecuador (INIAP), entre Junio 2014 – Diciembre 2015. El 40,74% de los encuestados utilizan preferentemente control químico, el ti...

The emergency of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella is a major concern worldwide, and recent studies highlight the relationship among antimicrobial consumption by animals and the diverse resistance mechanisms developed by microorganisms. Th is study was undertaken to investigate the circulation of Salmonella spp. associated with infectious processes in domestic animals as well as the patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobials. Sampling and Salmonella spp. isolation were carried out in the Department of General Bacteriology at the Provincial Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of Villa Clara province, Cuba, during 2016. The antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the Kirby-Bauer method. Results were analyzed by the statistical package Statgraphics Centurion version XV-II/2006 applying descriptive procedures, and multiple comparisons of proportions, for the evaluation of the percenta...

The emergency of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella is a major concern worldwide, and recent studies highlight the relationship among antimicrobial consumption by animals and the diverse resistance mechanisms developed by microorganisms. Th is study was undertaken to investigate the circulation of Salmonella spp. associated with infectious processes in domestic animals as well as the patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobials. Sampling and Salmonella spp. isolation were carried out in the Department of General Bacteriology at the Provincial Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of Villa Clara province, Cuba, during 2016. The antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the Kirby-Bauer method. Results were analyzed by the statistical package Statgraphics Centurion version XV-II/2006 applying descriptive procedures, and multiple comparisons of proportions, for the evaluation of the percenta...