The Andes-Amazon transition region features critically important ecological services on the local, regional and global scales. This region is among the rainiest zones in the world, with rainfall rates of up to 7000 mm/year. However, the physical mechanisms leading to the existence of these “precipitation hotspots” remain poorly known. Here, we attempt to disentangle the controlling atmospheric mechanisms exerted by local topographic structures that started to uplift about 5–10 million years ago in response to the Nazca Ridge subduction, in the vicinity of the Quincemil hotspot, the most intense of them. We first use the Weather Research and Forecasting model to conduct sensitivity tests to planetary boundary layer parameterizations at 5 km horizontal grid spacing during the austral summer of 2012–13. After finding the most suitable configuration in terms of the diurnal cycle of r...

The 2022-23 hydrological year in the Lake Titicaca, Desaguadero River, and Lake Poopó hydrological system (TDPS) over the South American Altiplano constituted a historically dry period. This drought was particularly severe during the pre-wet season (October–December), when the TDPS and the adjacent Andean-Amazon region experienced as much as 60% reductions in rainfall. Consequently, Titicaca Lake water levels decreased by 0.05 m from December to January, which is part of the rising lake level period of normal conditions. Such conditions have not been seen since the El Niño-related drought of 1982-83. Using a set of hydroclimatic, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and atmospheric reanalysis datasets, we find that this new historical drought was associated with enhanced southerly moisture flux anomalies, reducing the inflow of moisture-laden winds from the Amazon basin to the TDPS. Such an...

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Ambiental, Física y Meteorología

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Recursos Hídricos

Durante la última década, el sector farmacéutico mundial ha experimentado un cambio importante en su estructura competitiva, y la industria de genéricos continúa ganando mayor participación en varios países, lo que ha hecho más accesibles los medicamentos para la población, pues los genéricos son productos de bajo precio relativo respecto de los medicamentos de marca. En nuestro país, en cambio, el mercado farmacéutico se caracteriza por el alto precio promedio de los medicamentos, el bajo consumo per­ cápita y el poco desarrollo del medicamento genérico. La mala percepción que tienen tanto el consumidor como el médico de la calidad y la posibilidad de intercambiabilidad real entre un medicamento genérico y un medicamento de marca hace que este tipo de producto se recete menos y tenga una participación menor en las ventas totales en comparación con Chile y Colombia. E...