We review basic clinical aspects of arterial hypertension (AHT). A detailed and updated definition of arterial hypertension and its correspondent classification is presented, the purpose of diagnosis, correct measurement of blood pressure and AHT identifiable causes, clinical and laboratory evaluation, vascular risk factors and target organ damage, as well as the importance of overweight/obesity and common misconceptions on AHT.

Arterial hypertension represents an important public health problem, its prevalence dramatically increasing with age. In our country, a high percentage of the adult population has arterial hypertension with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It forces us to seriously consider changes in our life style (physical activity and food habits) as well as the use of antihypertensive therapy in individuals for preventing serious complications of target organs. The goal of the current symposium is to improve knowledge on this disease.

Arterial hypertension represents an important public health problem, its prevalence dramatically increasing with age. In our country, a high percentage of the adult population has arterial hypertension with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It forces us to seriously consider changes in our life style (physical activity and food habits) as well as the use of antihypertensive therapy in individuals for preventing serious complications of target organs. The goal of the current symposium is to improve knowledge on this disease.

Introduction. Organ transplantation carries a risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB) due to the required concurrent immunosuppression. Literature reports an incidence of 0.35%-15%. There is no data on this matter in our region. Objectives. To determine epidemiology, clinical findings and prognosis of TB in renal transplantation recipients in an endemic area. The study also aimed to analyze multidrugresistant (MDR) cases. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Department of Nephrology, Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru. Material. Clinical charts of renal transplant patients attended during 1999-2014. Interventions. Onset of tuberculosis was determined in 619 cases of renal transplant, as well as analysis of multidrug-resistant cases. Main outcome measures. Installation of tuberculosis and cases of multidrug resistance. Results. TB developed in 22 patients (3.5%), more...

Introducción. El trasplante de órganos conlleva riesgo de contraer tuberculosis (TB) a resultas de la necesaria inmunosupresión concurrente. La literatura señala una incidencia de 0,35% a 15%. En nuestro medio, carecemos de datos al respecto. Objetivos. Explorar la epidemiología, cuadro clínico y pronóstico de la TB en receptores de trasplante renal en área endémica. Igualmente, efectuar el análisis de casos multidrogorresistentes (MDR). Diseño. Estudio retrospectivo. Institución. Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Perú. Material. Historias clínicas de casos de trasplante renal comprendidos en el período 1999-2014. Intervenciones. Se revisó en 619 casos de trasplante renal la instalación de tuberculosis, así como se efectuó el análisis de casos multidrogorresistentes. Principales medidas de resultados. Instalación de tube...

Two documented cases of BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKVN) seen at Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru are reported. Final BKVN diagnosis was confirmed by renal biopsy and electron microscopy study. Case 1: Renal functional deterioration was not controlled despite reduction of immunosuppression and addition of antiviral drugs (leflunomide and ciprofloxacin), evolving to renal failure and subsequent kidney retransplantation. Case 2: The therapeutical management consisted in intravenous immunoglobulin infusion linked to reduction of immunosuppression; this resulted in modest histological improvement and stabilization of renal function. Both renal grafts concomitantly presented BKVN and histological lesions consistent with acute rejection, pending interpretation. In conclusion presence of BK polyomavirus is a serious problem for transplanted kidneys. The best...

El objetivo del presente reporte es dar a conocer los dos primeros casos de nefropatía del injerto asociada a poliomavirus BK (NPBK) ocurridos en el Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, de EsSalud, en Lima, Perú. El diagnóstico definitivo de la NPBK se corroboró mediante biopsia renal y estudio de microscopia electrónica. En el caso 1 el deterioro funcional renal no se controló a pesar de reducir la inmunosupresión y añadir drogas antivirales (leflunamide y ciprofloxacina), evolucionando a falla renal y su posterior acceso a retrasplante renal. En el caso 2 la alternativa terapéutica se basó en infusión de inmunoglobulina endovenosa asociada a reducción de la inmunosupresión, resultando en moderada mejora histológica y estabilización de la función renal. En ambos injertos renales hubo concomitantemente NPBK y lesiones histológicas compatibles con rechazo agudo celular pe...

Introduction. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common among renal transplant recipients (RTR) and their frequency depends on pre- and post-transplant factors. Objectives. To determine the time of appearance of symptomatic UTI among renal transplant recipients, microorganisms causing the infection, and incidence of UTI resistant to antibiotics. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Renal Transplant Unit, Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru. Participants. Patients who have undergone renal transplantation. Interventions. The clinical records of 304 patients subject to kidney transplantation performed between 2002 and 2011 and followed for up to four years were reviewed. There were 215 urine culture-confirmed UTI episodes in 84 transplant recipients. Main outcome measures. Incidence, chronology, microbiological determination/ susceptibility, bacterial resistance, risk ...

Estudio retrospectivo realizado en la Unidad de Trasplante Renal, Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, de EsSalud, en Lima, Perú, con pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal. Se revisó la historia clínica de 304 pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal en el período 2002-2011, con seguimiento de hasta cuatro años por paciente. Se constató 215 episodios de infección del tracto urinario sintomática, confirmada mediante urocultivo, en 84 receptores. Se encontró que las infecciones del tracto urinario ocurrieron tempranamente luego del trasplante y la Escherichia coli fue el microorganismo etiológico más frecuente. La resistencia antibiótica estuvo presente en 37% de los 215 episodios de infecciones, representando un desafío contínuo a resolver en la práctica clínica.

ABO blood group incompatibility and HLA sensitization are major barriers that need to be overcome in order to make optimum use of kidneys from living donors possible. We report the first successful ABOincompatible kidney transplant in a 24-year old, highly sensitized (panel reactive antibodies (PRA) 89% kidney retransplantation patient, who lacked any option to get a cadaveric or family donor. However, the patient’s sole HLA-compatible living donor had group A blood incompatible with the recipient’s O blood group. The patient required a pre-conditioning regime that consisted of plasma exchange, rituximab, immunoglobulin, and quadruple immunosuppressive therapy in order to reduce high titers of anti-A isoagglutinins from 1:128 to a safe level of 1:8, for successful transplant. This was performed in coordination with the Renal Transplant Unit of Hospital Clinic de Barcelona (HCB), Spai...

La incompatibilidad de grupo sanguíneo ABO y la sensibilización a antígenos leucocitarios humanos (HLA) constituyen grandes barreras a vencer en pro de la óptima utilización de riñones de donante vivo. Se describe el primer trasplante renal exitoso ABO incompatible en nuestro medio, en un paciente de 24 años retrasplantado renal, altamente sensibilizado (PRA: 89%) y sin opción alguna de disponer de donantes cadavéricos ni familiares. Sin embargo, su único donante vivo HLA compatible era de grupo sanguíneo A incompatible con el grupo O del receptor. El paciente requirió de un régimen precondicionante consistente en recambios plasmáticos, rituximab, imunoglobulina y terapia inmunosupresora cuádruple, a fin de reducir los títulos elevados de isoaglutininas anti A de 1:128 a niveles de seguridad de 1:8, para el éxito del trasplante. Este fue realizado en Coordinación con la...