The aim of this paper is to analyze the measures taken by the viceroy conde de Castellar to clean up the Royal Treasury. As we will show, in the first half of the seventeenth century the treasury was managed by viceroys and royal officials in close collaboration with the financial and commercial sectors which were under the guardianship, or enjoyed the favor, of the representatives of the monarch. When Castellar arrived, in 1674, he tried to correct some of the irregularities that existed in the treasury, and this policy was successful insofar as he succeeded in increasing the income of the Caja of Lima after the destruction of the 1660s. However, he had to confront the royal officials and, above all, the Consulado of Lima, which was responsible for the most important income of the Caja of Lima after remittances from mining. In the blink of an eye, the viceroy changed the terms o...

444 p. :il. ;24 cm.

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This article analyzes how distribution of power between peninsular institutions and the viceroys coexisted with the legal and informal channels that were established to accommodate the aspirations of various viceregal groups. Although the power of the viceroys and the elites had increased since the end of the 16th century, under the protection of buoyant mining production, the polysynodial system did not allow Peruvian elites to rise within it. This resulted in a system circumvented through tricks, advice, and even by evading laws and corrupting patronage, which would end up vitiating the system of gifts that had previously worked successfully and allowed the union of the Hispanic empire in the beginnings of modern Europe.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the measures taken by the viceroy conde de Castellar to clean up the Royal Treasury. As we will show, in the first half of the seventeenth century the treasury was managed by viceroys and royal officials in close collaboration with the financial and commercial sectors which were under the guardianship, or enjoyed the favor, of the representatives of the monarch. When Castellar arrived, in 1674, he tried to correct some of the irregularities that existed in the treasury, and this policy was successful insofar as he succeeded in increasing the income of the Caja of Lima after the destruction of the 1660s. However, he had to confront the royal officials and, above all, the Consulado of Lima, which was responsible for the most important income of the Caja of Lima after remittances from mining. In the blink of an eye, the viceroy changed the terms o...

Tomo 2. Páginas 973-985

This article analyzes how distribution of power between peninsular institutions and the viceroys coexisted with the legal and informal channels that were established to accommodate the aspirations of various viceregal groups. Although the power of the viceroys and the elites had increased since the end of the 16th century, under the protection of buoyant mining production, the polysynodial system did not allow Peruvian elites to rise within it. This resulted in a system circumvented through tricks, advice, and even by evading laws and corrupting patronage, which would end up vitiating the system of gifts that had previously worked successfully and allowed the union of the Hispanic empire in the beginnings of modern Europe.

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Un temprano grabado de la famosa mina de plata de Potosí —entonces parte del virreinato peruano— es estudiado por Margarita Suárez, experta en economía virreinal, en “Cerro de Potosí de Cieza de León, 1553: Potosí y los inicios de la historia global”. La autora examina el impacto en Potosí en tres escalas: local, imperial y global. Por un lado, explica cómo la mina argentífera de Potosí transformó la dinámica y la economía del virreinato peruano y de la monarquía hispánica. Por otro, hace un fascinante análisis del impacto de la plata en la economía global, complementando su estudio con dos representaciones cartográficas de la mina de Potosí realizados en el imperio chino y el imperio otomano.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the measures taken by the viceroy conde de Castellar to clean up the Royal Treasury. As we will show, in the first half of the seventeenth century the treasury was managed by viceroys and royal officials in close collaboration with the financial and commercial sectors which were under the guardianship, or enjoyed the favor, of the representatives of the monarch. When Castellar arrived, in 1674, he tried to correct some of the irregularities that existed in the treasury, and this policy was successful insofar as he succeeded in increasing the income of the Caja of Lima after the destruction of the 1660s. However, he had to confront the royal officials and, above all, the Consulado of Lima, which was responsible for the most important income of the Caja of Lima after remittances from mining. In the blink of an eye, the viceroy changed the terms o...

No description

This article analyzes how distribution of power between peninsular institutions and the viceroys coexisted with the legal and informal channels that were established to accommodate the aspirations of various viceregal groups. Although the power of the viceroys and the elites had increased since the end of the 16th century, under the protection of buoyant mining production, the polysynodial system did not allow Peruvian elites to rise within it. This resulted in a system circumvented through tricks, advice, and even by evading laws and corrupting patronage, which would end up vitiating the system of gifts that had previously worked successfully and allowed the union of the Hispanic empire in the beginnings of modern Europe.

El presente trabajo ha sido desarrollado en IEI N° 201 “Niño Jesús de Praga” de la ciudad de Bagua, cuyo objetivo fundamental fue: la Comprobar la eficiencia de un Programa de Estrategias Comunicativas en la mejora de la socialización, en los niños de Inicial Bagua – Amazonas -2018, ya que en zonas generalmente en áreas no Metropolitanas, los niños de manera específica en el nivel inicial presentan características de timidez y eso afecta no solamente el proceso de su interacción social sino que también, su aprendizaje. En la socialización se han considerado tres dimensiones: La dimensión Cognitiva, afectiva y motriz cada una con 7 ítems. La validez del instrumento arrojó un CVR = 0.711 y la confiabilidad α = 0.81, con ambos parámetros hemos aplicado el instrumento a la población estudiantil, los resultados indican que después de haber aplicado el programa de las ...

La supervivencia de toda empresa no solo dependerá que el gerente y los trabajadores conozcan el desarrollo del proceso de producción de los productos, sino también el costo de cada uno de sus productos vendidos para que la gerencia pueda tomar mejores decisiones, y ello, se logrará a través de un sistema de costeo. Tal es el caso, de la empresa Formularios Continuos Rosario E.I.R.L, al calcular su costos de manera empírica no permite saber el costo real de sus productos, por eso se tiene como problema determinar la rentabilidad de sus 41 productos gráficos, de esta manera el gerente obtendrá información oportuna, verificable y objetiva para una eficiente gestión; el objetivo principal es diseñar un sistema de costos por órdenes en la empresa para conocer su margen de contribución de los productos. El presente trabajo explica lineamientos básicos para el diseño de un siste...

"Este libro se ocupa del proceso económico desenvuelto durante el período corrido entre la conquista española y el final de la dinastía de los reyes Austria o Habsburgo, hacia 1700. Comprende así unos ciento setenta años de historia, que sin duda fueron decisivos para la configuración de la economía del Perú moderno. Durante ellos ocurrió la gran transición de una economía de autoconsumo, que no conocía el mercado ni la moneda y vivía aislada del mundo, a una economía de tipo colonial, anexada a un vasto imperio regido por una monarquía católica. La inserción a este imperio significó la especialización de la economía del virreinato en la producción de plata, para lo cual debió desarrollarse instituciones que proveyesen de mano de obra, capital e insumos a los centros mineros. La inclusión del Perú en el imperio español significó también la aparición de ciudad...