The characteristics of the precipitation under the influence of topography and surface wind flow are investigated over South America. Here the precipitating cloud systems (PCSs) are identified using the Global Precipitation Measurement Precipitation Radar (GPM-PR) data, which provides the three dimensional radar reflectivity factor (Ze), rain rate, drop size and droplet concentration. For each PCSs the surface wind properties are estimated using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Interim data. Based on the direction of surface flow the PCSs are classified into five categories. Over the South America the near surface wind flow transports the moisture from Amazon basin to east flank of Andes and validated here. The directional surface flow decides the occurrences of the PCSs, as upslope consists of the higher and larger PCSs at the peak of Andes compared to downslope flow. T...

Information on the vertical structure of rain, especially near the surface is important for accurate quantitative precipitation estimation from weather and space-borne radars. In the present study, the rainfall characteristics, from a vertically pointed profile Radar in the Mantaro basin (Huancayo, Peru) are observed. In summary, diurnal variation of near-surface rainfall and bright band height, average vertical profiles of the drop size distribution (DSD), rain rate, radar reflectivity (Ze) and liquid water content (LWC) are investigated to derive the rainfall characteristics. Diurnal variation of rain rate and bright band height show the bimodal distribution, where frequent and higher rain rate occurred during the afternoon and nighttime, and more than 70% bright band height found between 4.3-4.7 km. The average vertical profiles of Ze show the opposite characteristics above and below ...

The life cycle of clouds consists of mainly into three phases, namely developing, mature, and dissipating phases. The information about the vertical structure of the precipitation during different phases of development will improve their representation in the cloud models. Whether specific regimes over Peru favor the formation or decay of the cloud systems and how their intensity varies during different phases of development will provide the insight into the precipitation structure over Peru. We used two satellite-based data, namely from Global Precipitation Measurement dual Precipitation Radar (GPM-DPR) and GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) to expose the vertical structure of precipitation during different phases of the precipitating cloud systems (PCSs). A PCS is defined using the GPM based near surface rainfall data and then GOES-based brightness temperature (BT...

Global precipitation measurement (GPM) launched in February 2014 as a legacy of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Both satellites carry precipitation radar (PR), which measures the three-dimension structure of precipitation from space. Compared to TRMM PR, GPM has dual-polarized radar (DPR) and provides the raindrop size distribution (DSD) including mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm, in mm) and normalized DSD scaling parameter for concentration (Nw, in mm–1 m–3) (DSD parameters), along with radar reflectivity factor (Ze) from the surface to 21.875 km. Here we investigated the regional differences in intense convective clouds over South East & South Asia (SESA) and explored the differences in the East and West coast of India, by selecting the various areas. We defined two types of clouds, namely Cumulonimbus towers (CbTs) and intense convective clouds (ICCs) based on the Z...

El autor presenta una recensión de la obra del profesor Peter Häberle, poniendo especial énfasis en temas relativos a la cultura constitucional, teniendo a la cultura de paz como objeto de una doctrina constitucional universal; destacando el estilo y la metodología de su pensamiento constitucional. Sugiere que el conjunto de estas ideas puede ser un marco teórico para el mundo de las constituciones y de los constitucionalismos; lo que le permite que vincular a estas con el contexto indio. También analiza el concepto de sociedad abierta de los intérpretes constitucionales. Para luego, hacer una revisión de algunos conceptos de los preámbulos de la Constitución bilingüe de la India.

The economic value added (EVA), orginally developed by Stern Stewart & Company, is a relatively new financial tool that is being adopted successfully by many firms. However, evidence of EVA as a predictor of shareholders’ wealth is mixed. This paper empirically verifies the effect of productivity growth, a real missing link between EVA and a firm’s financial health, on shareholders’ wealth maximization. The study uses the firm-level data from the Indian food processing industry for the period 1993-94 to 2005-06 to measure and decompose the Malmquist productivity index into its different components, such as technological change, pure efficiency change and change in scale efficiency, by using the technique of data envelopment analysis (DEA). It further examines the linkage between different components of productivity change and market value added, an indicator of shareholders’ weal...

In the present study, five-year of precipitation features (PFs) datasets, based on Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), are used to investigate the global and regional characteristics of extreme rainfall events (EREs). The EREs are defined based on the PFs area, depth (maximum height of radar reflectivity), and the rain rate and called them largest, deepest, and intense EREs, respectively. The EREs are divided into top 10%, 1%, 0.1%, and 0.01% based on their frequency of occurrences. It is observed that occurrences of EREs belonging to less than top 0.01% EREs follow the tropical rainfall climatology over the tropics based on all the parameters. Subtropical oceanic areas consist of a higher frequency of largest EREs, whereas tropical land areas consist of the higher number of deepest EREs. The most intense EREs (top 0.01%) are uniformly distributed over tropical areas and subtropical ...

The knowledge of how long a mesoscale convective system stays in a given stage of life cycle is an important information for many practical applications. A unique approach has been adopted here to find the stage of development of convective cloud systems (CCSs) over tropical oceanic areas. We use the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data products, and define a cloud system (CS) based on criteria that depend on TRMM precipitation radar equivalent radar reflectivity factor (Zₑ) and TRMM Microwave Imager polarization corrected temperature data. Average vertical profile of Zₑ and convective area fraction (CAF) of a CS are used to identify its state which is a proxy for life stage. We use two parameters, namely reflectivity differences (RD) and convective area fraction (CAF) and defined 5 states of CS life cycle. Our results show that majority of CSs are found in mature stage an...

Information on the vertical structure of rain, especially near the surface is important for accurate quantitative precipitation estimation from weather and space-borne radars. In the present study, the rainfall characteristics, from a vertically pointed profile Radar in the Mantaro basin (Huancayo, Peru) are observed. In summary, diurnal variation of near-surface rainfall and bright band height, average vertical profiles of the drop size distribution (DSD), rain rate, radar reflectivity (Zₑ) and liquid water content (LWC) are investigated to derive the rainfall characteristics. Diurnal variation of rain rate and bright band height show the bimodal distribution, where frequent and higher rain rate occurred during the afternoon and nighttime, and more than 70% bright band height found between 4.3–4.7 km. The average vertical profiles of Zₑ show the opposite characteristics above and ...

CloudSat profile of attenuated corrected radar reflectivity (Ze) and cloud mask data are used to investigate the cloud properties over South America (SA) during Austral Summer monsoon seasons. Deep convective core (DCC), deep & intense convective systems (DCSs & ICSs), and cloud clusters (CCs) are defined based on the Ze and cloud mask values. The spatial distributions of DCCs show that land-dominated areas have higher frequency of DCCs and Atlantic Ocean has less DCCs. The Pacific Ocean does not consist of DCCs, whereas eastern flank of Andes has higher frequency of DCCs compared to western flank of the Andes. North La Plata basin (Sierra de Cordoba) has a higher fraction of deeper (shallower) DCCs. Deep convection over the Sierra de Cordoba and South La Plata Basin is characterized by precipitation-size particles compared to cloud-size particles, whereas deep convection over north La P...

Enticed by the reform of Indian banking sector in the early 1990s and further slowdown in the economy as a result of global financial crisis in late 2000s, the current study analyzes the performance of Indian banks using data envelopment analysis. The performance is measured in terms of technical efficiency, returns-to-scale, and Malmquist productivity index for a sample of 33 banks, consisting of 19 public sector and 14 private sector banks during the period spanning 1995-96 to 2009-10. The jackknifing analysis, followed by the dummy variable regression model is used to identify the outlier and its possible impact on overall efficiency trends. Findings reveal that efficiency scores are robust in the sense that the inclusion of outlier does not affect the overall efficiency trends. The public sector bank is faintly doing better than the private sector banks in terms of (i) technical effi...

In the present study, five-year of precipitation features (PFs) datasets, based on Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), are used to investigate the global and regional characteristics of extreme rainfall events (EREs). The EREs are defined based on the PFs area, depth (maximum height of radar reflectivity), and the rain rate and called them largest, deepest, and intense EREs, respectively.

Tropical peat swamp forests (PSF) are characterized by high quantities of carbon (C) stored as organic soil deposits due to waterlogged conditions which slows down decomposition. Globally, Peru has one of the largest expanse of tropical peatlands, located primarily within the Pastaza-Marañón river basin in the Northwestern Peru. Peatland forests in Peru are dominated by a palm species—Mauritia flexuosa, and M. flexuosa-dominated forests cover ~ 80% of total peatland area and store ~ 2.3 Pg C. However, hydrologic alterations, land cover change, and anthropogenic disturbances could lead to PSF’s degradation and loss of valuable ecosystem services. Therefore, evaluation of degradation impacts on PSF’s structure, biomass, and overall C stocks could provide an estimate of potential C losses into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. This study was carried out in thre...

Labor regulation and employment relation has been investigated in India in light of the seminal work ofBesley and Burgess (2004), considering formal sector manufacturing employment as the explained vari-able. Empirical findings support, although not very strongly, the institutionalist view, i.e., pro-workeramendment in labour laws induces employment. Among the other factors, real wage rate has significantnegative effect on employment, whereas that for real per capita developmental capital expenditure, percapita electricity generation capacity and real per capita net state domestic product is significant positive.However, effect of per capita real developmental revenue expenditure is inconclusive. In other words,although it improves employability of workers through their human capital improvement, which is prob-ably met up at the cost of worsening overall infrastructural development, thro...

Purpose: The study uses the multivariate GARCH-BEKK model (which was first proposed by Baba et al. (1990) and then further developed by Engle and Kroner (1995)) to examine the return and volatility spillover between India and four leading Asian (namely, China, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong) and two global (namely, the United Kingdom and the United States) equity markets. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs a multivariate GARCH-BEKK model to quantify return correlation and volatility transmission across the pre- and post-2008 global financial crisis periods (apart from other conventional time series modelling like cointegration, Granger causality using vector error correction model (VECM)). Findings: The results show a tendency of the Indian stock market index to move along with the US and Hong Kong market indices. The decrease in the value of the co-integration coefficient du...

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial development and economic growth for five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South (BRICS) during 1993 to 2014 using banking sector and stock market development indicators. Design/methodology/approach - To begin with, the study first examined some of the principal indicators of financial development and macroeconomic variables of the selected economies. Next, using generalized method of moment system estimation (SYS-GMM), the relationship between financial development and growth is investigated. The banking sector development indicators used in the study include size of the financial intermediaries, credit to deposit ratio (CDR) and domestic credit to private sector (CPS), whereas the stock market development indicators are value of shares traded and turnover ratio. Also, some macr...

A field study was conducted at a farmer’s field in Ratuwamai, Morang, from February 2023 to June 2023 to assess the impact of various bio-fertilizer sources on the growth and yield characteristics of rice. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and seven treatments. The treatments included: T1: Recommended NPK dose (100:30:30 kg/ha), T2: Farmyard manure (FYM) (12 t/ha), T3: Goat manure (8 t/ha), T4: Mycorrhiza (11.25 kg/ha), T5: Organic manure (11.25 kg/ha), T6: Mustard seed cake (3.75 t/ha), and T7: Control (no fertilizer). Our investigation explored the significant effects of these treatments on the growth and yield-contributing attributes of the Chaite-4 rice variety. Results indicated that T1 (7021.47 kg/ha) and T2 (6681.70 kg/ha) exhibited the highest grain yield, followed by T3 (5128.35 kg/ha), T2 (4482.78 kg/ha), T5 (4335.79 kg/...

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial development and economic growth for five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South (BRICS) during 1993 to 2014 using banking sector and stock market development indicators. Design/methodology/approach. To begin with, the study first examined some of the principal indicators of financial development and macroeconomic variables of the selected economies. Next, using generalized method of moment system estimation (SYS-GMM), the relationship between financial development and growth is investigated. The banking sector development indicators used in the study include size of the financial intermediaries, credit to deposit ratio (CDR) and domestic credit to private sector (CPS), whereas the stock market development indicators are value of shares traded and turnover ratio. Also, some macroe...

Labor regulation and employment relation has been investigated in India in light of the seminal work of Besley and Burgess (2004), considering formal sector manufacturing employment as the explained variable. Empirical findings support, although not very strongly, the institutionalist view, i.e., pro-worker amendment in labour laws induces employment. Among the other factors, real wage rate has significant negative effect on employment, whereas that for real per capita developmental capital expenditure, per capita electricity generation capacity and real per capita net state domestic productis significant positive. However, effect of per capita real developmental revenue expenditure is inconclusive. In other words, although itimproves employability of workers through their human capital improvement, which is probablymetupatthe cost of worsening overallinfrastructuraldevelopment,throughre...

Una encuesta realizada en el 2017 mostró que la mayoría de peruanos tiene una actitud positiva hacia la obediencia de los niños, lo que llevaría implícito cierta normalización de la disciplina y el uso de castigos como medios para formarlos. En ese sentido, la presente investigación busca evaluar, desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, la influencia de las características socioculturales, experiencias previas y representaciones en torno al castigo físico de madres peruanas en las prácticas de crianza en relación a la disciplina en el 2021, usando datos de la ENDES. El marco conceptual planteado aborda la relación entre los conceptos mencionados, partiendo de la noción de habitus de Bourdieu. Se ejecutan dos modelos de regresión logística binomial, uno relacionado a las prácticas de castigo físico para comprobar la hipótesis, y otro a las prácticas de castigo físico sever...