The research consisted in determining the selection objectives for raising alpacas under two economic scenarios at the San Pedro de Racco Community Cooperative. The study was carried out in three stages: The first one described the alpaca’s breeding system, in the second one the elaboration of the profit equation was done, and in the third one the relative economic values by partial derivation were calculated and the selection objectives were determined. Economic scenarios 1 and 2 were defined by the payment method of the fiber. The relative economic values of fleece weight (FW) and fleece weight at the first shearing (FW1) were S/10.6 and S/5.85, respectively, values which were equal for both economic scenarios. The fiber diameter (FD) obtained values of -S/2.12 in economic scenario 2. The selection objective by economic scenarios was defined by FW, FW1, and live weight at first shear...

The aim of this study was to describe the system for rearing llama populations in communal cooperatives (CC) and by individual farmers (IF) in the Pasco region, Peru. Field surveys were applied to four CC administrators and 145 IF. The main breeding objective for CCs and IFs was meat production. The K'ara type llama predominated in CC and the Intermediate type in IF. The average herd size in CC was 200 and in IF 48 llamas. Mating in CC was controlled and in IF generally uncontrolled. The age at first service of males and females in CC and IF was 34.5 and 23.5, and 26.3 and 23.1 months, respectively, with a male: female ratio of 1.13 in CC and 1.18 in IF. The average permanence of males and females in the herd was 2.54 and 8.0 in CC and 4.14 and 9.6 years in IF, respectively. Male and female replacements came from the same herd in 70 and 75% in CC and in 83.6 and 98.3% in IF, respectively...

Reproductive records (n=6350) of a dairy herd between 2000 and the first semester of 2016 were used based on the reproductive indices of the herd, considering the number of services per pregnancy, open days, pregnancy rate and occurrence of abortions. In total, 58 Holstein cows selected at random were genotyped to determine the presence of reproductive haplotypes (HH) that affect the reproductive performance of cows causing abortions. It was determined that 5.2% of the cows were carriers for HH1, 5.2% for HH3 and 3.4% for HH5, not finding carrier animals for the HH2 and HH4 haplotypes. Besides, 75% of the carrier cows (6/8) presented abortions not associated with the haplotype, except for one event whose reproducer was a carrier for HH3. Likewise, 54% of the non-carrier cows presented abortion events (27/50), not establishing a direct effect of the haplotype on the occurrence of abortion...

The objective was to identify and predict the location of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to fiber growth. The study was carried out with 31 keratin genes (KRT9, KRT12, KRT13, KRT14, KRT16, KRT18, KRT20, KRT25, KRT1, KRT3, KRT5, KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT6c, KRT7, KRT8, KRT71, KRT80, KRT31, KRT32, KIRT40, KRT81, KRT82, KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT79 y KRT83) associated with wool, fiber and hair characteristics in sheep, goat and human, respectively. These gene sequences were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Using databases and bioinformatics tools such as the Conserved Domains database, Spling and Megablast, unique sequences for each gene were identified. These sequences were compared to the reference genomes: Vicugna_pacos-2.0.2 and Vi_pacos_V1.0 to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this man...

The objective was to identify and predict the location of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to fiber growth. The study was carried out with 31 keratin genes (KRT9, KRT12, KRT13, KRT14, KRT16, KRT18, KRT20, KRT25, KRT1, KRT3, KRT5, KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT6c, KRT7, KRT8, KRT71, KRT80, KRT31, KRT32, KIRT40, KRT81, KRT82, KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT79 y KRT83) associated with wool, fiber and hair characteristics in sheep, goat and human, respectively. These gene sequences were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Using databases and bioinformatics tools such as the Conserved Domains database, Spling and Megablast, unique sequences for each gene were identified. These sequences were compared to the reference genomes: Vicugna_pacos-2.0.2 and Vi_pacos_V1.0 to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this man...

The results of 443 763 periodic controls of daily milk production (DMP) carried out between January 2006 and December 2018 in five Holstein dairy farms in the Lima region were related to meteorological information (maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity), under temperature-humidity indexes (THI) to represent the current state and the trends of the relationships between DMP and possible thermal stress (TS) identified by the level of THI. The DMP levels along the THI levels showed a response curve with a THI tolerance zone where there is little variation in DMP and threshold point at THI >68 from which DMP is reduced at a rate of -0.413 kg of milk per unit of increase in THI. Analyzed as a whole, this negative response represents an impact of -365 kg of milk per cow per year. It is concluded that all the trends are consistent in pointing out antagonism between TS and DMP,...

The basic hematological characteristics of a group of 184 Creole cattle (CRIZA) and 128 Brown Swiss cattle (BSZA) both male and females, reared in the Andes of Peru between 3213 and 4309 meters above sea level, were evaluated and compared with samples from a group of 11 cattle with brisket disease (BSMA) and with another group of 31 Brown Swiss cattle reared between 243 and 1306 meters above sea level (BSZB). The red blood cell count (RBC) was 14.95, 8.34, 8.25 and 7.10x106/μl in BSMA, BSZA, CRIZA and BSZB, respectively. Haematocrit (Ht) was 61.44, 45.83, 42.61 and 34.99% for BSMA, CRIZA, BSZA and BSZB, respectively. Haemoglobin (Hb) was 16.26, 12.86, 12.22 and 9.65 g/dl in BSMA, CRIZA, BSZA and BSZB, respectively. The averages showed wide variation. Taking the Ht criterion, BSZA and CRIZA cattle belonging to the upper decile were identified, forming two groups with extreme values (BSZA...

The basic hematological characteristics of a group of 184 Creole cattle (CRIZA) and 128 Brown Swiss cattle (BSZA) both male and females, reared in the Andes of Peru between 3213 and 4309 meters above sea level, were evaluated and compared with samples from a group of 11 cattle with brisket disease (BSMA) and with another group of 31 Brown Swiss cattle reared between 243 and 1306 meters above sea level (BSZB). The red blood cell count (RBC) was 14.95, 8.34, 8.25 and 7.10x106/μl in BSMA, BSZA, CRIZA and BSZB, respectively. Haematocrit (Ht) was 61.44, 45.83, 42.61 and 34.99% for BSMA, CRIZA, BSZA and BSZB, respectively. Haemoglobin (Hb) was 16.26, 12.86, 12.22 and 9.65 g/dl in BSMA, CRIZA, BSZA and BSZB, respectively. The averages showed wide variation. Taking the Ht criterion, BSZA and CRIZA cattle belonging to the upper decile were identified, forming two groups with extreme values (BSZA...

A total of 352596 results of the test day milk controls (TD), as well as the climatic variables of Temperature and Relative Humidity combined in an index known as ITH, carried out in 5 stables in the Lima region, between January 2006 and December 2018, were available for this study. This database was represented by the TD of 11876 Holstein daughters of 8439 dams and 321 sires and was studied by different random regression models with the objective to estimating the genetic relationships between TD and ITH as an indicator of heat stress (HS). The results indicated that heritability (h2 ), along the ITH scale shows a slightly upward trend (h2 = 0.113±0.01 to 0.187±0.02) until reaching its highest values in the so-called thermal stress zone (ITH>=68 to ITH=77). The genetic correlations (rg) were close to the unit between adjacent or very close ITH levels and decreased as the difference...

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Producción Animal

The genomes of 41 bovines of five breeds, existing in the SRA-NCBI database, were used to identify 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which generate non-synonymous mutations in 10 hypoxia-inducible genes. Of this, only three SNPs located in positions c.1081G>C, c.2089G>A and c.2101G>A of exons 7 and 12 of the EPAS1 gene had different allelic frequencies between beef and dairy cattle (p<0.05). Based on the results of the bioinformatic analysis of the genomes, exonic regions of the EPAS1, NOS2, EPO and VEGFA genes were chosen, which were studied in 60 DNA samples from Creole and Brown Swiss cattle raised in the high Andean region (3213-4309 m above sea level). The cattle were grouped by their haemoglobin concentration (Hb) in Brown Swiss with high Hb (BSHbA) (n=13), Brown Swiss with low Hb (BSHbB) (n=11), Creoles with high Hb (CRHbA) (n=13) and Creoles with low Hb (CRHbB...

The alpaca is of greatest economic importance in the Peruvian High Andes. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of three Peruvian alpaca farms, as well as, to validate a microsatellite markers panel for paternity testing. In this study, 247 samples of Huacaya alpacas were taken from three different localities (Sanjo, San Pedro de Raco and Cachipampa) from Pasco Region in Peru. DNA was obtained from hair follicles and genotyped for 15 microsatellites markers in multiplex electrophoresis runs.A total of 225 alleles were detected across the 15 loci investigated. The polymorphism information content considering all loci was 0.82, which indicated that the microsatellite panel was very polymorphic and highly informative. The estimated diversity parameter showed that farms have high levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.826), and revealed the existence of genetic differentiation...

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la tendencia genética y fenotípica de la producción de leche (PL) de vacas Holstein de un establo del valle de Huaura, Perú. Se evaluaron 2.590 hembras (vacas y terneras) para el cálculo de los valores genéticos estimados (VGE) y 2.862 lactaciones estandarizadas a 305 días y dos ordeños diarios, del primer al quinto parto de 1.892 vacas del periodo 1999-2017, mediante un modelo animal de medidas repetidas. Con el software ASReml, se estimó una heredabilidad (h2) de 0,16 (error estándar 0,03) y una repetibilidad (r) de 0,28 (0,025). Las tendencias se estimaron mediante regresión lineal usando el paquete estadístico SAS v.9.4. Los VGE para la PL de las vacas y terneras tienen una media de +200,9 (16,1) kg y +148,7 (9,7) kg, respectivamente, con más del 70 % de valores positivos. La tendencia genética para PL de las hembras f...

V Simposio Iberoamericano sobre la conservación y utilización de recursos zoogenéticos. Seminario Manejo y Evaluación de Recursos Zoogenéticos. UNA, Puno, Perú.

The aim of this study was to develop a preliminary physical map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in alpaca using an alpaca/hamster radiation hybrid panel and a bovine high- density SNP genotyping microarray (BovineHD BeadChip-Illumina). The methodology included genotyping 92 alpaca/hamster hybrid cell clones, and four control samples (male alpaca, female alpaca, hamster and 1:10 DNA mixture) with the microarray. After genotyping the alpaca and hamster DNA control samples, only bovine SNPs a call frequency of 1 were retained. The SNPs identified in the alpaca DNA samples were then filtered to remove those also in the hamster. From the remaining alpaca SNPs, to decrease the probability of false positives, only those with a call frequency from 0.2 to 0.8 in the 92 hybrid clone samples were retained for the final analysis. The remaining alpaca specific SNPs were tabulated in MapMake...

The aim of this study was to develop a preliminary physical map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in alpaca using an alpaca/hamster radiation hybrid panel and a bovine high- density SNP genotyping microarray (BovineHD BeadChip-Illumina). The methodology included genotyping 92 alpaca/hamster hybrid cell clones, and four control samples (male alpaca, female alpaca, hamster and 1:10 DNA mixture) with the microarray. After genotyping the alpaca and hamster DNA control samples, only bovine SNPs a call frequency of 1 were retained. The SNPs identified in the alpaca DNA samples were then filtered to remove those also in the hamster. From the remaining alpaca SNPs, to decrease the probability of false positives, only those with a call frequency from 0.2 to 0.8 in the 92 hybrid clone samples were retained for the final analysis. The remaining alpaca specific SNPs were tabulated in MapMake...

V Simposio Iberoamericano sobre la conservación y utilización de recursos zoogenéticos. Seminario Manejo y Evaluación de Recursos Zoogenéticos. UNA, Puno, Perú.

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Producción Animal