In 1905, the Second Civilismo centralized the administration and financing of public elementary schools, as well as the appointment and supervision of teachers. The ideological factors that motivated José Pardo’s regime to take such action included nationalism and positivism, while one of its political motivations was to consolidate its power within Civilismo and over local powerholders. Among the circumstances that favored centralization were the availability of fiscal resources, and the support from some teachers. The consequences of the measure included an increase in the number of schools, growing enrollment, a growing number of teachers (especially women teachers), , the intensification of pedagogical renewal, and the consolidation of a new schoolteachers’ culture.

In 1905, the Second Civilismo centralized the administration and financing of public elementary schools, as well as the appointment and supervision of teachers. The ideological factors that motivated José Pardo’s regime to take such action included nationalism and positivism, while one of its political motivations was to consolidate its power within Civilismo and over local powerholders. Among the circumstances that favored centralization were the availability of fiscal resources, and the support from some teachers. The consequences of the measure included an increase in the number of schools, growing enrollment, a growing number of teachers (especially women teachers), , the intensification of pedagogical renewal, and the consolidation of a new schoolteachers’ culture.

In 1905, the Second Civilismo centralized the administration and financing of public elementary schools, as well as the appointment and supervision of teachers. The ideological factors that motivated José Pardo’s regime to take such action included nationalism and positivism, while one of its political motivations was to consolidate its power within Civilismo and over local powerholders. Among the circumstances that favored centralization were the availability of fiscal resources, and the support from some teachers. The consequences of the measure included an increase in the number of schools, growing enrollment, a growing number of teachers (especially women teachers), , the intensification of pedagogical renewal, and the consolidation of a new schoolteachers’ culture.

The article covers two centuries of the history of public education in Peru, focusing on the relationship between the intellectual and political debates on education and pedagogical orientations, social dynamics, government initiatives, and the characteristics of the implementation of educational policies. We examine the political and cultural tensions in defining the orientations of education between 1821 and 1905, and their continuity from 1905 to the beginning of the 1950s, the  relationship with external pedagogical trends, as well as the influence of indigenism on educational policies. Next, we study the confluence between the developmentalist discourse, the expansion of the State and the demands of new political forces, driving the massification of education until the end of the twentieth century. We conclude with the educational policies in this century, that fail to solve fa...