The social-environmentalism can be described as a hybrid conceptual current between the environmentalism –mostly based on ecology and economics– and, the humanism, rooted on social sciences, especially sociology and anthropology. The social-environmentalism calls itself "environmentalism with social awareness." At present, socio-environmentalism has largely replaced environmentalism and its techniques that, in many cases, even came to be seen as retrograde, as in the case of natural protected areas. But, this hybrid, as usual, is not fertile. It does not work well for society nor for the environment. In addition, socio-environmentalism is growingly very alike current radical anthropocentrism, which does not consider that the natural is transcendent. Both are equivalent to the ancient myth of the inexhaustible nature.

This note comments and criticizes some aspects of a recent publication (Cotrina A. et al. 2021. «Peruvian Amazon disappearing: Transformation of protected areas during the last two decades (2001-2019) and potential future deforestation modeling using cloud computing and MaxEnt approach». Journal for Nature Conservation, Elsevier) that analyzes year by year deforestation in Peruvian Amazon protected natural areas and in their buffer zones. Their results are interesting and they generally confirm what is known on the subject. However, in addition to making inaccurate statements, the authors of this work draw alarmist conclusionsthat are not consistent with their own results or with the reality of managing protected natural areas in Peru and other tropical countries.

Exceptions aside, the production of timber from natural forests in Peru does not result from the application of sustainable forest management. Therefore, wood exploitation degrades the forest and contributes to severely reduce its ecosystem services. The most evident direct cause of degradation has been the transfer of responsibility for forest management to the private sector, which, under the current and predicable economic and social context, is unable to carry out a sustainable management that is also profitable (Dourojeanni 2019, 2020). In the context of a new national forest policy that prioritizes the maintenance of environmental services (Dourojeanni et al 2021, CNF 2022) it is being proposed to gradually transfer this responsibility to the State and local communities, without undermining the private role in the extraction, transformation, and commercialization phases. Forest man...

This note comments and criticizes some aspects of a recent publication (Cotrina A. et al. 2021. «Peruvian Amazon disappearing: Transformation of protected areas during the last two decades (2001-2019) and potential future deforestation modeling using cloud computing and MaxEnt approach». Journal for Nature Conservation, Elsevier) that analyzes year by year deforestation in Peruvian Amazon protected natural areas and in their buffer zones. Their results are interesting and they generally confirm what is known on the subject. However, in addition to making inaccurate statements, the authors of this work draw alarmist conclusionsthat are not consistent with their own results or with the reality of managing protected natural areas in Peru and other tropical countries.

The social-environmentalism can be described as a hybrid conceptual current between the environmentalism –mostly based on ecology and economics– and, the humanism, rooted on social sciences, especially sociology and anthropology. The social-environmentalism calls itself "environmentalism with social awareness." At present, socio-environmentalism has largely replaced environmentalism and its techniques that, in many cases, even came to be seen as retrograde, as in the case of natural protected areas. But, this hybrid, as usual, is not fertile. It does not work well for society nor for the environment. In addition, socio-environmentalism is growingly very alike current radical anthropocentrism, which does not consider that the natural is transcendent. Both are equivalent to the ancient myth of the inexhaustible nature.

Mennonites migrated to South America in considerable numbers after World War II and have settled in several countries, but mainly in Paraguay and Bolivia where they developed large agricultural enterprises, occupying forests and other natural ecosystems. It is estimated that they deforested over four million hectares of the Chaco and Chiquitania biomes, mainly for livestockand soybean. Since the current century they began to invade the Amazon of Bolivia and more recently those of Peru and Colombia, having already deforested probably around twenty thousand hectares. Given its antecedents in Mexico and Central America, as well as in Paraguay and Bolivia, there is also concern that its tactics to occupy the land, as well as many of its practices, may be largely illegal and harmful to both the environment and local population, especially indigenous people. Recent evidence from Peru and Colom...

Exceptions aside, the production of timber from natural forests in Peru does not result from the application of sustainable forest management. Therefore, wood exploitation degrades the forest and contributes to severely reduce its ecosystem services. The most evident direct cause of degradation has been the transfer of responsibility for forest management to the private sector, which, under the current and predicable economic and social context, is unable to carry out a sustainable management that is also profitable (Dourojeanni 2019, 2020). In the context of a new national forest policy that prioritizes the maintenance of environmental services (Dourojeanni et al 2021, CNF 2022) it is being proposed to gradually transfer this responsibility to the State and local communities, without undermining the private role in the extraction, transformation, and commercialization phases. Forest man...

Recopila la exposición de reflexiones acerca del problema del sector agrícola. A cargo del Ministro de Agricultura, Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller; Adolfo Figueroa, académico de la Universidad Católica; Marc Dourojeanni, experto en el manejo de recursos naturales; y el Ing. Gustavo García Mundaca, presidente de las organizaciones empresariales del agro.

Exceptions aside, the production of timber from natural forests in Peru does not result from the application of sustainable forest management. Therefore, wood exploitation degrades the forest and contributes to severely reduce its ecosystem services. The most evident direct cause of degradation has been the transfer of responsibility for forest management to the private sector, which, under the current and predicable economic and social context, is unable to carry out a sustainable management that is also profitable (Dourojeanni 2019, 2020). In the context of a new national forest policy that prioritizes the maintenance of environmental services (Dourojeanni et al 2021, CNF 2022) it is being proposed to gradually transfer this responsibility to the State and local communities, without undermining the private role in the extraction, transformation, and commercialization phases. Forest man...

This note comments and criticizes some aspects of a recent publication (Cotrina A. et al. 2021. «Peruvian Amazon disappearing: Transformation of protected areas during the last two decades (2001-2019) and potential future deforestation modeling using cloud computing and MaxEnt approach». Journal for Nature Conservation, Elsevier) that analyzes year by year deforestation in Peruvian Amazon protected natural areas and in their buffer zones. Their results are interesting and they generally confirm what is known on the subject. However, in addition to making inaccurate statements, the authors of this work draw alarmist conclusionsthat are not consistent with their own results or with the reality of managing protected natural areas in Peru and other tropical countries.

The social-environmentalism can be described as a hybrid conceptual current between the environmentalism –mostly based on ecology and economics– and, the humanism, rooted on social sciences, especially sociology and anthropology. The social-environmentalism calls itself "environmentalism with social awareness." At present, socio-environmentalism has largely replaced environmentalism and its techniques that, in many cases, even came to be seen as retrograde, as in the case of natural protected areas. But, this hybrid, as usual, is not fertile. It does not work well for society nor for the environment. In addition, socio-environmentalism is growingly very alike current radical anthropocentrism, which does not consider that the natural is transcendent. Both are equivalent to the ancient myth of the inexhaustible nature.

Mennonites migrated to South America in considerable numbers after World War II and have settled in several countries, but mainly in Paraguay and Bolivia where they developed large agricultural enterprises, occupying forests and other natural ecosystems. It is estimated that they deforested over four million hectares of the Chaco and Chiquitania biomes, mainly for livestockand soybean. Since the current century they began to invade the Amazon of Bolivia and more recently those of Peru and Colombia, having already deforested probably around twenty thousand hectares. Given its antecedents in Mexico and Central America, as well as in Paraguay and Bolivia, there is also concern that its tactics to occupy the land, as well as many of its practices, may be largely illegal and harmful to both the environment and local population, especially indigenous people. Recent evidence from Peru and Colom...

En América tropical no existen bosques naturales bajo manejo, con la excepción de áreas muy pequeñas. Muchos intentos con buenos auspicios no han conducido a nada concreto. Esta realidad ocurre a pesar de que la legislación forestal de cada país, sin excepción, propugna el manejo de los bosques naturales. La falta de manejo de los bosques naturales del trópico americano no es debida, como suele decirse, a desconocimiento científico o ausencia de tecnologías apropiadas. Las causas son esencialmente de orden político, insertas en problemas económicos y en las presiones sociales que estas generan. Se mencionan la falta de evidencia de la importancia económica de la madera y de otros productos forestales tropicales, el desconocimiento de los valores económicos indirectos del bosque, los estilos de desarrollo impuestos en áreas corno la Amazonía, los criterios geopolíticos do...

It is common not to consider that military governments also adopted important mea- sures for the conservation of natural heritage. However, the reality in Peru and Bra- zil indicates that a significant part of the protected natural areas, as well as laws and other measures to protect biodiversity, were carried out during these democracy inte- rruptions. This note highlights the performance of General Enrique Gallegos in Peru.

It is common not to consider that military governments also adopted important mea- sures for the conservation of natural heritage. However, the reality in Peru and Bra- zil indicates that a significant part of the protected natural areas, as well as laws and other measures to protect biodiversity, were carried out during these democracy inte- rruptions. This note highlights the performance of General Enrique Gallegos in Peru.

Between 1927 and 1982, three large forestry (rubber and forest plantation) and agricultural enterprises were developed in the Amazon by important US businessmen. These were idealized byHenry Ford and Daniel Ludwig in Brazil and Robert G. LeTourneau in Peru. None of those projects lasted even 20 years, and all three failed miserably. But they were directly and indirectly responsible for significant deforestation. The lack of planning and knowledge of the local reality explain in a large extent these results. The consequences of these initiatives are mentioned and it is noted that, contrary to what is often believed, the government development plans of Brazil and Peru, in the same period of time, had incomparably more serious environmental implications.

There are conservatively 9.6 million deforested hectares in the Peruvian Amazon. Out of them only 1.9 million support crops and livestock produced each year. The remaining ones, that is four hectares out of every five, is underused or abandoned and partly degraded. It is also known that each hectare in agricultural production produces one-third to one-half of what it could if well-known agricultural techniques were applied. However, deforestation continues at an increasing rate, with 190,000 ha of forests destroyed in 2020. Part of the problem is lack of technical and credit assistance for producers, as well as disorderly construction of roads that encourage deforestation. However, the main obstacle is that most of the deforestation is informal and occupies lands classified as suitable for forestry that cannot be granted as property by law and in which mid- and longterm investments are n...

It is common not to consider that military governments also adopted important mea- sures for the conservation of natural heritage. However, the reality in Peru and Bra- zil indicates that a significant part of the protected natural areas, as well as laws and other measures to protect biodiversity, were carried out during these democracy inte- rruptions. This note highlights the performance of General Enrique Gallegos in Peru.

Between 1927 and 1982, three large forestry (rubber and forest plantation) and agricultural enterprises were developed in the Amazon by important US businessmen. These were idealized byHenry Ford and Daniel Ludwig in Brazil and Robert G. LeTourneau in Peru. None of those projects lasted even 20 years, and all three failed miserably. But they were directly and indirectly responsible for significant deforestation. The lack of planning and knowledge of the local reality explain in a large extent these results. The consequences of these initiatives are mentioned and it is noted that, contrary to what is often believed, the government development plans of Brazil and Peru, in the same period of time, had incomparably more serious environmental implications.

El Perú protege 23.4% de su territorio amazónico bajo diversas categorías de áreas protegidas. La proporción de áreas que pertenece a categorías que permiten la presencia de poblaciones humanas en ellas ha aumentado mucho alcanzando el 55.3 % del área protegida. Un análisis simple de datos disponibles sobre uso de la tierra protegida confirma estudios hechos en la Amazonia brasileña y otros previos en el Perú mostrando que la deforestación en áreas protegidas ha sido en general poco significativa (0.54%). La deforestación total en la Amazonia peruana es oficialmente estimada en 11 %. La deforestación en áreas protegidas de uso directo (con gente) en los cinco departamentos amazónicos es de 1.15% mientras que en las de uso indirecto (sin gente) es de 0.11%, es decir diez veces menor. Eso ocurre pese a que la presión humana es mayor en las zonas de amortiguamient...