The article addresses the ontological understanding of Aymara indigenous education, historical facts and challenges to the political, economic and social system at the beginning of the 20th century, in the Peruvian Altiplano, Puno region. These schools originated clandestinely, due to the educational exclusion of the native Aymara population, generated by the governments of the day. For indigenous teachers, the only way to free themselves from oppression was with the creation of rural schools, which became instruments of liberation from the serfdom and semi-feudal system, established by the gamonales and oligarchic governments. The objective of the study is to identify the origin and challenges of Aymara schools in the Peruvian Andean south of the 20th century, and to contribute to the history of regional and national education, the applied research methodology was the descriptive histor...

The article addresses the ontological understanding of Aymara indigenous education, historical facts and challenges to the political, economic and social system at the beginning of the 20th century, in the Peruvian Altiplano, Puno region. These schools originated clandestinely, due to the educational exclusion of the native Aymara population, generated by the governments of the day. For indigenous teachers, the only way to free themselves from oppression was with the creation of rural schools, which became instruments of liberation from the serfdom and semi-feudal system, established by the gamonales and oligarchic governments. The objective of the study is to identify the origin and challenges of Aymara schools in the Peruvian Andean south of the 20th century, and to contribute to the history of regional and national education, the applied research methodology was the descriptive histor...

The purpose of this study is to carry out a preliminary tour of the different purposes that the Peruvian university has set since the replica of institutionalizing the environmental issue was implemented, and later, that of installing Climate Change (CC) in its deepest structure as the main challenge in the field of Higher Education (SE). This is clear, without before, dimensioning the environmental issue in its substantive operations and consolidating Sustainable Development (SD) inside and outside its space. In this journey, part of the theoretical-documentary analysis that takes into account the tensions faced inside and outside the university model is used. The results show a special emphasis on the tendencies to green the University Higher Education (ESU), a challenge of the first term that has not finished when defining its objectives. However, although this preparatory scenario wa...

The purpose of this study is to carry out a preliminary tour of the different purposes that the Peruvian university has set since the replica of institutionalizing the environmental issue was implemented, and later, that of installing Climate Change (CC) in its deepest structure as the main challenge in the field of Higher Education (SE). This is clear, without before, dimensioning the environmental issue in its substantive operations and consolidating Sustainable Development (SD) inside and outside its space. In this journey, part of the theoretical-documentary analysis that takes into account the tensions faced inside and outside the university model is used. The results show a special emphasis on the tendencies to green the University Higher Education (ESU), a challenge of the first term that has not finished when defining its objectives. However, although this preparatory scenario wa...

El articulo tiene como propósito dar cuenta sobre la situación laboral de los mitayos - indígenas de Puno y Bolivia, que laboraban como obreros en los centros mineros coloniales del altiplano: Potosí, Carabaya, San Antonio de Esquilache y Laycacota; la investigación por ser de carácter descriptivo e histórico, para su desarrollo se ha ceñido al método hermenéutico, ya que la razón fue analizar de forma minuciosa las fuentes directas (documentos inéditos de la época colonial) y bibliográficos con el uso de guías y fichas. Luego al desarrollo y haber concretizado los objetivos, se llegó a la conclusión, considerando que la mita bajo el dominio español perdió todo significado religioso y político, es más se convirtió en la explotación de un individuo por otro, con tratativas muy crueles e inhumano sin respeto a los derechos de la vida, el español no supo cuidar la in...

Between the harsh seasons and inclement weather, forgotten and devoid of teachers, transportation, modern infrastructure and educational materials, reaching the field-schools of the mountains can take hours of steep walking for primary school children and small infants, in which the difficulties of rural areas and the hardness of the height may not be the greatest challenge of all. Well, without any privilege, crossing hills and mountains, they are boys and girls who come out of nowhere to conquer everything. From this premise, the study proposes to enlarge the relationship between School-Mountain (MS) in order to forge not only a renewed notion or real line that allows responding to the current dilemmas and challenges of the time, but also allows finding some action engines cast and forged from the heart of the mountain, one that has the ability and spirit to slay the killer. In this wa...

Between the harsh seasons and inclement weather, forgotten and devoid of teachers, transportation, modern infrastructure and educational materials, reaching the field-schools of the mountains can take hours of steep walking for primary school children and small infants, in which the difficulties of rural areas and the hardness of the height may not be the greatest challenge of all. Well, without any privilege, crossing hills and mountains, they are boys and girls who come out of nowhere to conquer everything. From this premise, the study proposes to enlarge the relationship between School-Mountain (MS) in order to forge not only a renewed notion or real line that allows responding to the current dilemmas and challenges of the time, but also allows finding some action engines cast and forged from the heart of the mountain, one that has the ability and spirit to slay the killer. In this wa...