This work was supported in part by a grant from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologla (CONCYTEC). We thank W. Behrens and C. Santa Cruz for helpful advice on HPLC analysis and T. cruzi culture, and H. Guerra and C. Guerra for critically reading the manuscript.

This work was supported by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient?fico, Tecnol?gico y de Innovaci?n Tecnol?gica (FONDECYT-PERU) under Grant 190-2015-FONDECYT-DE which provided a fellowship for David Valqui-Pe?a. We thank Mois?s Alderete, Arturo C?rdenas, and Efra?n Z??iga for providing the seed accessions of maca. We are also grateful to Ang?lica P?rez, Jonhny V?lchez, Ovaldo Rojas, and Fluber Mamani, as well as the ?Asociaci?n de Productores Agropecuarios Org?nicos de Carhuamayo? for generously sharing their knowledge on this crop. Finally, we thank Cristina Guerra-Giraldez for proofreading the?manuscript.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) can cause HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The objective of this study was to gain insight into the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP by focusing on the CD8(+) T-cell response. Twenty-three HTLV-1-seronegative controls (SC), 29 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (AC) and 48 patients with HAM/TSP were enrolled in the study. We evaluated the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Tax overlapping peptides, the expression of genes related to the CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell response, the frequency of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) cells and of dendritic cells, and the HTLV-1 provirus load (PVL). The frequency of cells producing IFN-gamma in response to Tax 161-233, but not to Tax 11-19, discriminated patients with HAM/TSP from AC. The increased pro-inflammatory response observed in patients with H...

We greatly acknowledge BSc Rosario Tapia for thetechnical assistance with the animals. This work wassupported in part by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia yTecnologia (CONCYTEC) Lima, Perú, the InstitutFranc ̧ais d’Etudes Andines (IFEA), Lima and the San-doz Laboratories, Rueil, France.

We thank the staff at the Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt for their valuable assistance in their attention to the HTLV-1-infected people. This work was supported by the Directorate-General for Development Cooperation of the Belgian Government through the Framework Agreement with the Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp and through the Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR), and by the Peruvian National Board for Science and Technology (CONCYTEC).