Loneliness and social isolation are factors that increasingly affect many people around the world, and evidence suggests that they are related to cognitive processes deterioration. This article aims to review the available information on the effect of loneliness and social isolation on the cognition of middle-aged adults. A comprehensive structured search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCO databases. In the first instance, the results of the databases were imported to the Mendeley reference manager, where duplicates were eliminated, to later extract articles relevant to the topic according to the title and abstract. The inclusion criteria included only articles published in English, conducted in humans, and published within the last ten years (2012-2022). Persistent loneliness was found to be associated with lower cognitive scores and reduced volumes in the tempora...

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is not a well recognized entity but has high prevalence and impact in individuals infected with HIV. The term HAND encompasses a spectrum of progressive central nervous system (CNS) involvement, ranging from asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment and minor neurocognitive disorder through to the most severe form of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). While the incidence of HAD has declined significantly with highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), the milder forms of HAND have increased. In this review, updated nomenclature and research case definitions to guide HAND diagnosis are described. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment recommendations are also outlined. Finally, while neurocognitive impairment is typically diagnosed with full neuropsychological evaluation, the interpretation of test results is based on comparing the pat...