Support for the conference, the special issue and this paper came from the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) program, the European network of excellence EUR-OCEAN, the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France), the Peruvian Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CONCYTEC), the French Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (MAE), the French Embassy in Peru, and the Alliance Française of Lima, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA), and the David and Lucile Packard ...

RS is grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt foundation for granting a postdoctoral fellowship. We acknowledge the Institute del Mar del Peru (IMARPE) and the joint IMARPE-IRD projects PALEOTRACES and DISCOH for the support of this research. We also acknowledge the program CIENCIACTIVA that granted the research of climate change impacts on the upwelling ecosystem in the frame of the Master's Program in Marine Sciences at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. This study was supported by the German Research Foundation through Sonderforschungsbereich 754 ("ClimateBiogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean"). SEM observations were performed at the ALYSES facility (IRD, Sorbonne University, supported by grants from Region Ile-de-France). We deeply thank Bo Thamdrup, chief scientist of the Galathea-3 expedition (Leg 14), and Bente Lomstein, who conducted the core sampling onboard t...