The word Huaca or Waka has changed its semantic dramatically between Quechua and Spanish languages caused by alienation of Spaniards conquerors since 1532 a.D. by intense acculturation and accentuation of Christianism. In Andean World the several social formations adapted to all ecological floors had a strong of ritual space and highly religiosity relationship to cult of Waka, phenomenon called Wakanism. It origin began to Late Archaic Period (3000-1800 b.C.) simultaneously to animal and plant domestication, development of ayni and minka, and settlement of several religious architecture traditions. To analyze this cultural phenomenon, we divided in five great categories: 1) the cult of Achachila, Auqui, Jirca and Huamani or Wamani, and others (Huamanism); 2) the cult of huacas concerns to several edified structures and sacred beings or gods; 3) the cult of huancas and puquios; 4) the cul...

This article shows the origins of ayni and minka, autochthonous forms of communal work own of Andean region that begun since Late Archaic Period and Formative, between 3200 and 1800 b.C. in four ceremonial centers of central and north coast and north highland. It is done a comparative study between two groups: one is Las Haldas temple and Cardal site that had used shicras (vegetal fiber) and small stones, nonetheless the second formed by La Galgada and Pacopampa, in Ancash and Cajamarca departments, respectively, their architectures describe the use of great stones, terraces and strong structures like indicators minka, realized by several human groups in competence. Ayni of the central coast means reciprocity and work of societies without classes like fishermen and crayfish-men; by other hand minka is related to herders, farmers, stone-men-work and specialized groups like beginning of th...

Reseña

The found of a male human burial 35-40 years old of archaeological site of Zapallal, Puente Piedra, North of Lima, showing malignant tumor, has permitted study the old theme of neoplasmas or cancers in Andean world. This article shows the differential diagnosis and its discussions about their possibly causes to the light of paleopathology focus. It describes the severe destructive lesions in bones of pelvis and sacro, concluding in prostate cancer cause

This article shows the origins of ayni and minka, autochthonous forms of communal work own of Andean region that begun since Late Archaic Period and Formative, between 3200 and 1800 b.C. in four ceremonial centers of central and north coast and north highland. It is done a comparative study between two groups: one is Las Haldas temple and Cardal site that had used shicras (vegetal fiber) and small stones, nonetheless the second formed by La Galgada and Pacopampa, in Ancash and Cajamarca departments, respectively, their architectures describe the use of great stones, terraces and strong structures like indicators minka, realized by several human groups in competence. Ayni of the central coast means reciprocity and work of societies without classes like fishermen and crayfish-men; by other hand minka is related to herders, farmers, stone-men-work and specialized groups like beginning of th...

Reseña

The found of a male human burial 35-40 years old of archaeological site of Zapallal, Puente Piedra, North of Lima, showing malignant tumor, has permitted study the old theme of neoplasmas or cancers in Andean world. This article shows the differential diagnosis and its discussions about their possibly causes to the light of paleopathology focus. It describes the severe destructive lesions in bones of pelvis and sacro, concluding in prostate cancer cause

It has been realized an archaeobotanic analysis of Pampa de Animas site, Huaura valley, Lima, from I and II sectors, using the comparative method and contrast of modern literature. The high density of remains of plants identified in several cultural levels at site show that diet of ancient human people of Huaura and Chancay Valleys had principally agricultural product, confirming that the agriculture was the economic base of these people, as: corn, bean, squash, gourd, achira, habas, and others. The same products cultivated during the Middle Horizon at Huaura Valley, would follow until de Spaniard invasion.

It has been realized an archaeobotanic analysis of Pampa de Animas site, Huaura valley, Lima, from I and II sectors, using the comparative method and contrast of modern literature. The high density of remains of plants identified in several cultural levels at site show that diet of ancient human people of Huaura and Chancay Valleys had principally agricultural product, confirming that the agriculture was the economic base of these people, as: corn, bean, squash, gourd, achira, habas, and others. The same products cultivated during the Middle Horizon at Huaura Valley, would follow until de Spaniard invasion.

The results of the analysis of the animal bone material from excavations at the archaeological complex of Lumbra (Sector A and B), Season 2012-2013 are presented. As a result of these tests it was determined that the highest percentage of remains are those of camelids (llamas, alpacas), which reveals the great use of these animals not only for food but also for the use of its fiber for textile purposes of bones and artifacts to develop as a means of transportation and communication.

The results of the analysis of the animal bone material from excavations at the archaeological complex of Lumbra (Sector A and B), Season 2012-2013 are presented. As a result of these tests it was determined that the highest percentage of remains are those of camelids (llamas, alpacas), which reveals the great use of these animals not only for food but also for the use of its fiber for textile purposes of bones and artifacts to develop as a means of transportation and communication.