This article on ontological perspectives on forests seeks to contribute to the development of a forest ontology that will make it possible to examine and strengthen the theoretical, political, institutional, legal, educational and technical framework of the forest sciences and to review the relationship with forests, which to date is strongly anthropocentric. It is concluded that the confl uence of positivist science, hegemonic economy and politics, reinforced by forestry education and communication, is leading to the institutionalized hegemonic approach of the ontology of the forest and the human being. Even sustainable development is not an accurate proposal as long as it maintains the essence of its economic orientation and its instrumental relationship with nature and forests. In this separation, forests are reduced to providers of renewable natural resources, natural capital or good...

This article aims to reflect on the scopes of bioethics in the commercial wood exploitation from tropical natural forest concerning their impacts on wildlife. To this end, a bibliographic review is carried out and a reflection is made in the light of bioethics and bio development proposals. It has been found that in certified forestry operations that are carried out at low intensity, the impacts on wildlife are minimal. Nevertheless, there are also limitations in terms of the scientific basis and methodological consistency of the assessments, which is why more rigorous systematic studies with greater temporal scope. Until now, forest management is based on a disjunctive ontological paradigm that separates human beings from nature and considers the forest as a source of forest products and opportunities for generating economic income, even though they have advanced significantly at the le...

This article aims to take out guidelines for addressing future pandemics from the recognition of the close relationship between nature and society through the application of the complex adaptive systems approach. From the review, it is concluded that the adoption of the complex adaptive systems approach allows assuming the complexity paradigm when addressing pandemics, reinforcing the reductionist systems approaches that, while it is true that they respond in cause and effect linear situations, they have limitations when facing phenomena with the characteristics of complexity: self-organization (emergency), non-linearity (chaos), adaptation-evolution (cybernetics) and interconnectivity (network structure), among others. From the approach of the complex adaptive systems and the socio-ecological systems, it is possible to understand the close interrelationships and interdependencies betwee...

This article aims to clarify the relationships between complex thinking and postmodern thinking. It also seeks to identify convergences and differences in order to establish possible synergies. It is concluded that although complex thinking is somehow heir to postmodernism, and some of its promoters and practitioners do not recognize such characterization, complex thinking has its own characteristics that make its representation more defined than postmodern thinking conceived as a mixture of trends and proposals. Since both dimensions do not have the same epistemological pretensions, it is not necessarily possible to speak of establishing bridges because there would be no interlocutors from postmodern thinking that could rather be typified as a cultural expression with different manifestations without clear recognition of time, spaces or characters. This situation does not happen with co...

This reflective article deals with complexity and the Rights of Nature. It seeks to answer the question: How does complexity contribute to the sustenance of the Rights of Nature? For this purpose, a specialized bibliographic search was carried out. From the research it is concluded that complex thinking and the Sciences of Complexity, by being more open to epistemological and ontological diversity, by taking into account the close interrelation, interdependence and co-dependence between human beings and Nature, by highlighting from organicism the living character of the planet in cosmic relation, offer solid arguments that support the Rights of Nature. Although the Rights of Nature imply legal protection, with the State as guarantor of rights, the issue goes beyond this because what is at stake is the recognition of the intrinsic value of life in all its manifestations, beyond even senti...

Se hace una revisión de las formas de abordaje de la informalidad en la gestión ambiental y se alcanzan sugerencias a tomar presente en el desarrollo de alternativas conducentes a mejorar su abordaje. Se concluye que hace faltapasar de un enfoque de culpabilidad a un enfoque integrado e integrador que recupere los principios de la sustentabilidad y la ética. Además se resalta la importancia de incorporar la interculturalidad y la ética en el diálogo sobrealternativas transformadoras.

Este artículo revisa algunas de las premisas éticas desde las que usualmente los involucrados se acercan al manejo forestal con la finalidad de contrastarlas con nuevas aproximaciones al manejo forestal que permitan fundamentar un enfoque más diverso y humanista para los ecosistemas forestales peruanos. Para el efecto se realiza una revisión bibliográfica relevante sobre el tema y se complementa con la experiencia de campo de los autores en la Amazonia peruana. Se concluye que el sector productivo forestal peruano tiene que ampliar la comunidad moral para desarrollar una interacción más respetuosa con el bosque que supere objetivos fundamentalmente centrados solo en la madera y en los ingresos económicos. En esta perspectiva, es importante concebir a los bosques como socioecosistemas en tanto ofrece una perspectiva más integral de interrelaciones sociedad naturaleza y permite un...

This article aims to reflect on the scopes of bioethics in the commercial wood exploitation from tropical natural forest concerning their impacts on wildlife. To this end, a bibliographic review is carried out and a reflection is made in the light of bioethics and bio development proposals. It has been found that in certified forestry operations that are carried out at low intensity, the impacts on wildlife are minimal. Nevertheless, there are also limitations in terms of the scientific basis and methodological consistency of the assessments, which is why more rigorous systematic studies with greater temporal scope. Until now, forest management is based on a disjunctive ontological paradigm that separates human beings from nature and considers the forest as a source of forest products and opportunities for generating economic income, even though they have advanced significantly at the le...

This article aims to take out guidelines for addressing future pandemics from the recognition of the close relationship between nature and society through the application of the complex adaptive systems approach. From the review, it is concluded that the adoption of the complex adaptive systems approach allows assuming the complexity paradigm when addressing pandemics, reinforcing the reductionist systems approaches that, while it is true that they respond in cause and effect linear situations, they have limitations when facing phenomena with the characteristics of complexity: self-organization (emergency), non-linearity (chaos), adaptation-evolution (cybernetics) and interconnectivity (network structure), among others. From the approach of the complex adaptive systems and the socio-ecological systems, it is possible to understand the close interrelationships and interdependencies betwee...

Se hace una revisión de las formas de abordaje de la informalidad en la gestión ambiental y se alcanzan sugerencias a tomar presente en el desarrollo de alternativas conducentes a mejorar su abordaje. Se concluye que hace faltapasar de un enfoque de culpabilidad a un enfoque integrado e integrador que recupere los principios de la sustentabilidad y la ética. Además se resalta la importancia de incorporar la interculturalidad y la ética en el diálogo sobrealternativas transformadoras.

Este artículo revisa algunas de las premisas éticas desde las que usualmente los involucrados se acercan al manejo forestal con la finalidad de contrastarlas con nuevas aproximaciones al manejo forestal que permitan fundamentar un enfoque más diverso y humanista para los ecosistemas forestales peruanos. Para el efecto se realiza una revisión bibliográfica relevante sobre el tema y se complementa con la experiencia de campo de los autores en la Amazonia peruana. Se concluye que el sector productivo forestal peruano tiene que ampliar la comunidad moral para desarrollar una interacción más respetuosa con el bosque que supere objetivos fundamentalmente centrados solo en la madera y en los ingresos económicos. En esta perspectiva, es importante concebir a los bosques como socioecosistemas en tanto ofrece una perspectiva más integral de interrelaciones sociedad naturaleza y permite un...

This article on ontological perspectives on forests seeks to contribute to the development of a forest ontology that will make it possible to examine and strengthen the theoretical, political, institutional, legal, educational and technical framework of the forest sciences and to review the relationship with forests, which to date is strongly anthropocentric. It is concluded that the confl uence of positivist science, hegemonic economy and politics, reinforced by forestry education and communication, is leading to the institutionalized hegemonic approach of the ontology of the forest and the human being. Even sustainable development is not an accurate proposal as long as it maintains the essence of its economic orientation and its instrumental relationship with nature and forests. In this separation, forests are reduced to providers of renewable natural resources, natural capital or good...

This article deals with the concept of Good Living as one of the most visible expressions of alternatives to development and how its postulates and practices can contribute to responses to the planetary megacrisis. For this purpose, a reflection based on a specialized bibliographical review is carried out, and is complemented by a surves. From the reflection it is concluded that although the concept of Good Living is under construction, as an alternative ethical-political proposal, it constitutes a semantic, discursive and mobilizing force of multiple possibilities, applicable to a diversity of contexts, as it recovers central values to respond to the planetary mega-crisis from basic principles of recovery of harmony among people, social harmony and harmony between human beings and nature, the ontological turn from individualism to conviviality, from the ideology of domination of people,...

This article deals with the environmental/ecological Humanities in Peru and its relationship with complexity. For this purpose, a specialized bibliographic search was carried out. The review concludes that although environmental/ ecological humanities are not explicitly developed in Peru to date, there are contributions from the perspective of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarystudies, especially from literature, the arts, environmental history and forestry philosophy. Some of the hybrid disciplines that are considered components of the environmental/ecological humanities are also developed, although they are not manifestly recognized as contributions towards this field of transdisciplinary studies. The complexity sciences with their orientation of indeterminacy, non-linearity, the study of undecidable and non-trivial problems enriches the understanding of life in general and theref...

Se realiza un recuento histórico sobre el tratamiento de la complejidad de los bosques en el Perú y se muestran algunas evidencias del tratamiento de la complejidad de los bosques en América Latina y a nivel global. Se revisa las referencias de complejidad en los documentos de gestión forestal en el Perú, en tesis forestales y mallas curriculares de facultades forestales o afines. Asimismo se investiga sobre elementos de complejidad señalados en formulación de la visión de futuro del sector forestal del lanzamiento del Plan Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre y elementos del abordaje del enfoque de la complejidad en la formulación del Plan Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre. Finalmente, se identifican las barreras para el abordaje de la complejidad de los bosques en el Perú y se fundamenta la importancia de la visión de complejidad para el desarrollo forestal. Con base ...

El presente artículo revisa la forma de relacionarnos con los bosques desde una perspectiva de bioética forestal compleja. Para el efecto se realiza una investigación bibliográfica y se complementa con las experiencias del autor como un activista en el reconocimiento del valor de toda expresión de vida en los bosques como socioecosistemas. De la revisión se concluye que la bioética forestal redefine las relaciones entre los seres humanos y los bosques en tanto nos hace ver que nuestras concepciones y valoraciones, nuestras formas de actuar y de comportarnos tienen repercusión en el estado de conservación de los bosques. Aunque se reconoce la pluralidad de éticas respecto al bosque lo que se requiere es una ética convergente, intercultural, biocultural, ecofeminista, compleja, que permita poner en diálogo las diversas perspectivas. Se requiere que las diversas aproximaciones a...

The article deals with the relationship between forests and national security with the aim of contributing to raising the awareness of the authorities linked to National Security and Defense in order to increase their commitment and quality of participation in the objectives of conservation and sustainable use of forest biodiversity. From the reflection it is concluded that national security is the situation in which the State has guaranteed its independence, sovereignty and integrity, and the population the fundamental rights established in the Constitution. It is therefore a complex and multidimensional concept that goes beyond the reduced vision of threats to territorial integrity and addresses various considerations, including environmental dimensions. Forests are related to national security from the perspective of human security (food, water, health, energy, climate and economic) a...

This review article collects some of the main criticisms of nature conservation and contributes to the debate on its resignification in the light of biocultural rights to enrich its conceptual and operational framework expressed in the figure of protected areas. For this purpose, a bibliographic review is carried out complemented by the participation of the author in the process of updating the Master Plan of the System of Protected Areas of Peru. The review and reflection conclude that until now a neoliberal conservation approach has predominated, which in practice produces a series of environmental, social, institutional, legal, political, and economic impacts given the complex nature of protected areas. All this situation is evident in explicit or latent conflcts between protected areas and indigenous peoples. To overcome the confrontation, it is necessary to resignify the conservatio...

The objective of this article is to review the validity of modern myths related to the Amazon and analyze their impact on public policies linked to the conservation of the Amazon. Based on a specialized bibliographic review, an inventory of modern myths related to the Amazon is made and then a classification is made for an analytical approach. Subsequently, a synthetic approach is made. Taking into account these results, it is discussed how these myths permeate public policies, the thinking and actions of forestry professionals and others involved with forests. As conclusions, it has been possible to recognize that there are still myths related to the Amazon regarding the indigenous people, the forests and the relations between the Amazon and Society. These modern myths are intertwined in time and can be transformed. The myths can be conceived as a system in which interrelations between ...

The objective of this article is to review the validity of modern myths related to the Amazon and analyze their impact on public policies linked to the conservation of the Amazon. Based on a specialized bibliographic review, an inventory of modern myths related to the Amazon is made and then a classification is made for an analytical approach. Subsequently, a synthetic approach is made. Taking into account these results, it is discussed how these myths permeate public policies, the thinking and actions of forestry professionals and others involved with forests. As conclusions, it has been possible to recognize that there are still myths related to the Amazon regarding the indigenous people, the forests and the relations between the Amazon and Society. These modern myths are intertwined in time and can be transformed. The myths can be conceived as a system in which interrelations between ...