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1
libro
La violencia contra las mujeres es una grave violación de los derechos humanos, que afecta negativamente a las mujeres. bienestar e impidiendo su participación en la sociedad. También afecta a sus familias, comunidades, empresas, el Estado y la sociedad en general, lo que representa un obstáculo para el desarrollo. En Ecuador, aproximadamente 7 de cada 10 mujeres han sufrido algún tipo de violencia de género (INEC, 2019). Esta cifra indica el problema social crónico que enfrenta la sociedad en su conjunto y por lo tanto también por las instituciones estatales. Un elemento clave para visibilizar la violencia contra las mujeres en todas sus formas y ámbitos de ocurrencia es la generación de información estadística, que permite cuantificar, caracterizar y medir este problema social. La colaboración establecida entre GIZ, a través de su Programa de Prevención de la Violencia c...
2
artículo
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem in Peru. The Peruvian health system spends nearly 4% of its total budget just for paying only hemodialysis therapy. Objective: To determine a comparison of direct costs between kidney replacement therapy options. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive study for cost analysis. Costs for patients when using different modalities of kidney replacement therapy were assessed: renal transplant, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis in Junin Health Network from Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud). Data from 213 patients was analyzed. Mean costs were calculated. Data was taken from the Acquisition and Cost Unit of the Junin Health Network in EsSalud from 2016 to 2021. Results: Renal transplant in the first year costs 70 680 PEN (US$ 18,123.07), and the cost is reduced as years go by. Afterwards, from the second year on the...
3
artículo
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem in Peru. The Peruvian health system spends nearly 4% of its total budget just for paying only hemodialysis therapy. Objective: To determine a comparison of direct costs between kidney replacement therapy options. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive study for cost analysis. Costs for patients when using different modalities of kidney replacement therapy were assessed: renal transplant, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis in Junin Health Network from Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud). Data from 213 patients was analyzed. Mean costs were calculated. Data was taken from the Acquisition and Cost Unit of the Junin Health Network in EsSalud from 2016 to 2021. Results: Renal transplant in the first year costs 70 680 PEN (US$ 18,123.07), and the cost is reduced as years go by. Afterwards, from the second year on the...
4
artículo
Publicado 2010
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Objectives: To determine direct costs of epilepsy in a population assigned to one hospital in Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud) during year 2006. To point out which group of epileptic patients generate more direct costs. Methodology: A retrospective study including 462 epilepsy patients was performed in order to estimate medical direct costs, considering the Sales Value = Retail price – 19% (Peruvian added value tax), obtained from the EsSalud rate lists; as well as prices for antiepileptic drugs (AED) (generics), which are the lowest within Peru. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used, as well as Chi square and Students t tests. Results: Fifty three per cent patients were male, and their average age was 40.7 years (± 22.03 SD); 95.7% of epileptic episodes were generalized crises, 17.7% were refractory, the average number of hospital visits was 6.26 (±...
5
artículo
Publicado 2010
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Objectives: To determine direct costs of epilepsy in a population assigned to one hospital in Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud) during year 2006. To point out which group of epileptic patients generate more direct costs. Methodology: A retrospective study including 462 epilepsy patients was performed in order to estimate medical direct costs, considering the Sales Value = Retail price – 19% (Peruvian added value tax), obtained from the EsSalud rate lists; as well as prices for antiepileptic drugs (AED) (generics), which are the lowest within Peru. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used, as well as Chi square and Students t tests. Results: Fifty three per cent patients were male, and their average age was 40.7 years (± 22.03 SD); 95.7% of epileptic episodes were generalized crises, 17.7% were refractory, the average number of hospital visits was 6.26 (±...
6
artículo
Publicado 2020
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Lowering wages is not a remedy for depression, because capitalists do not immediately devote the profits derived from it to the purchase of investment goods "Michal Kalecki "The economy is not free of values and economists must be transparent about the value judgments they make. This applies especially to those value judgments that may not be visible to the untrained eye" Thesis 3 of the 33 theses for a reform of the economy The economy is a part of human knowledge that is still in its infancy and is even caught between mazes and reformulations. That is why it is common to find various dogmas within it. An example is the "orthodox, conservative and prudent: OCP" argument that increasing pensions and minimum wages reduces or deteriorates employment; Or, in other words, reducing labor costs creates more jobs and improves competitiveness. For the defenders of this OCP vision, pensions...
7
artículo
Publicado 2020
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Lowering wages is not a remedy for depression, because capitalists do not immediately devote the profits derived from it to the purchase of investment goods "Michal Kalecki "The economy is not free of values and economists must be transparent about the value judgments they make. This applies especially to those value judgments that may not be visible to the untrained eye" Thesis 3 of the 33 theses for a reform of the economy The economy is a part of human knowledge that is still in its infancy and is even caught between mazes and reformulations. That is why it is common to find various dogmas within it. An example is the "orthodox, conservative and prudent: OCP" argument that increasing pensions and minimum wages reduces or deteriorates employment; Or, in other words, reducing labor costs creates more jobs and improves competitiveness. For the defenders of this OCP vision, pensions...
8
artículo
Publicado 2020
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Lowering wages is not a remedy for depression, because capitalists do not immediately devote the profits derived from it to the purchase of investment goods "Michal Kalecki "The economy is not free of values and economists must be transparent about the value judgments they make. This applies especially to those value judgments that may not be visible to the untrained eye" Thesis 3 of the 33 theses for a reform of the economy The economy is a part of human knowledge that is still in its infancy and is even caught between mazes and reformulations. That is why it is common to find various dogmas within it. An example is the "orthodox, conservative and prudent: OCP" argument that increasing pensions and minimum wages reduces or deteriorates employment; Or, in other words, reducing labor costs creates more jobs and improves competitiveness. For the defenders of this OCP vision, pensions...
9
artículo
Publicado 2020
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Lowering wages is not a remedy for depression, because capitalists do not immediately devote the profits derived from it to the purchase of investment goods "Michal Kalecki "The economy is not free of values and economists must be transparent about the value judgments they make. This applies especially to those value judgments that may not be visible to the untrained eye" Thesis 3 of the 33 theses for a reform of the economy The economy is a part of human knowledge that is still in its infancy and is even caught between mazes and reformulations. That is why it is common to find various dogmas within it. An example is the "orthodox, conservative and prudent: OCP" argument that increasing pensions and minimum wages reduces or deteriorates employment; Or, in other words, reducing labor costs creates more jobs and improves competitiveness. For the defenders of this OCP vision, pensions...
10
artículo
Publicado 2005
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The companies are engaged in maximizing their wealth or economic growth. So how systems require evaluating the management of its management noting that assume authority and responsibility in the incurrence of costs and revenues . In this fourth edition intends to consolidate the concepts of costs associated with the methodologies of evaluating the performance of responsibility centers ( CR ) , which will require to process engineers in the industry to have a deep understanding of the fundamental concepts of behavior cost and higher capacity proposals to implement improvement plans in general.
11
artículo
Publicado 2005
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The companies are engaged in maximizing their wealth or economic growth. So how systems require evaluating the management of its management noting that assume authority and responsibility in the incurrence of costs and revenues . In this fourth edition intends to consolidate the concepts of costs associated with the methodologies of evaluating the performance of responsibility centers ( CR ) , which will require to process engineers in the industry to have a deep understanding of the fundamental concepts of behavior cost and higher capacity proposals to implement improvement plans in general.
12
artículo
Publicado 2005
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Las Organizaciones al encontrarse en un mundo altamente competitivo y de turbulencia, están optando en mirarse hacia adentro, en una actitud introspectiva, obviamente, sin descuidar su atención al cliente, o lo que se conoce como la Función Relacional con el Cliente o el Customer Relationshing Managemente (CRM). Por eso es de vital importancia, conocer las Estructura Interna de los Costos de las organizaciones, y el manejo de las mismas, los cuales evidentemente repercutirán en el precio y en la rentabilidad de las organizaciones. Es así que las Empresas están optando por herramientas de planificación en el manejo de los costos, como es el tratamiento de los costos directos o variables, herramienta valiosa que incluye en la estructura de los costos, solo aquellos costos o erogaciones variables en la fabricación del producto o prestación de servicios. Los costos por absorción, q...
13
artículo
Publicado 2005
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The Organizations, being in a competitive and turbulent world, are opting for looking toward inside, in an introspective attitude, obviously, without neglecting their attention to the client, or what is known as the Relational Function with the Client of the Customer Relationship Management (CMR). For that reason it is of vital importance, to know the Internal Structure of the Costs of the organizations, and the handling of the same ones, those which evidently will rebound in the price and in the profitability of the organizations. It is so the treatment of the direct or variable costs, valuable tool that includes in the structure of the costs only those costs or variable expenditures in the production of the product or benefit of services. The costs for absorption that include the structure of the costs are both the variable costs and the fixed ones, in determining the unitary costs of ...
14
tesis de grado
Publicado 2023
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La presente investigación tiene como principal objetivo resolver un tipo de problema de enrutamiento de vehículos. El problema se enfoca en couriers que realicen entregas a varios destinos. Se busca aplicar la teoría de grafos, tomando los destinos de las entregas como los nodos y el tiempo o la distancia como los vértices. Para resolverlo, se debe aplicar una forma de convertir ese grafo en un Árbol de Expansión Mínima. Por lo tanto, se realiza una comparación entre el algoritmo de Prim y una modificación del algoritmo de Kruskal ya que ambos permiten generar un Árbol de Expansión Mínima, el cual nos permite reducir el costo total de los vértices. La implementación de la solución consiste en una aplicación Node.js en la que se ingresar direcciones en coordenadas como muestras a un motor que permite crear la matriz de costos de un grafo, en el cual, los nodos equivalen a ...
15
artículo
Using a two-country duopoly model with homogeneous goods, firms’ decisions with respect to international activities (trade vs. foreign direct investment - FDI) in the presence of company-wide unions are analyzed. If firms export, they pay trade costs per unit of the goods exported. If firms invest and set up plants abroad, they incur sunk costs. The full set of production structures that arise as sub-game perfect Nash equilibriums are derived when internationalization is feasible. The interdependence of exogenous integration costs, endogenous union wage strategies, and firms’ strategic interactions affect the equilibrium outcome: either symmetric (intra-industry trade or reciprocal FDI) or multiple symmetric (intra-industry trade and reciprocal FDI) equilibriums exist.
16
artículo
El Anticipo Mínimo del Impuesto a la Renta en la República del Ecuador, es una de las cargas impositivas que mayor controversia genera entre los contribuyentes, debido a su naturaleza de impuesto heterodoxo que grava renta en función de cálculos sobre el patrimonio, activos, costos, gastos e ingresos que no guardan relación con la utilidad que se determina en el propio ejercicio fiscal. Esta carga impositiva forma parte de una medida encaminada a combatir la baja recaudación de impuestos directos originada por la evasión tributaria, que afecta directamente al Impuesto a la Renta. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, la información base se solicitó al Servicio de Rentas Internas mediante requerimiento, así como también, se utilizaron las bases de datos que constan en la página web de dicha institución pública, las que fueron procesadas de forma estadística. Además se a...
17
artículo
Publicado 2015
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The minimum advance income tax in the Republic of Ecuador is one of the tax burdens that generates more controversy among taxpayers, due to its heterodox nature that levies taxes based on calculations of capital, assets, costs, expenses and income unrelated to the income determined for the fiscal year itself. This tax burden is part of a measure to combat low collection of direct taxes caused by tax evasion, which directly affects the income tax. For the development of the research the basic information was requested from the Internal Revenue Service and the databases avai-lable on the webpage of this public institution, which were processed statistically. We also applied surveys allowing us to know the perception of corporate taxpayers in the province of El Oro. As a result it was established that for the period 2006-2012 tax reforms contributed to the increase of the tax burden and col...
18
tesis de grado
Publicado 2023
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DML es una compañía dedicada a la venta directa. Esta se encuentra en Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia y Guatemala. En el 2018 en Perú se obtuvo el 45% de ventas de todos los países donde se encuentran, quedando así en el primer lugar del nivel de ventas. En Perú DML cuenta con 7 líneas de productos. Para el 2018 las 3 líneas que más ventas tuvieron fueron: Ropa exterior, hogar y joyería respectivamente con 40%, 32% y 10%. Las dos primeras líneas cuentan con modelos de pronósticos por campaña, sin embargo, para la línea de joyería no se tiene ninguna. Por ello también para esta categoría, en el mismo año se presentaron costos por pedir de más de 7 millones de soles y costos por pedir de menos de 4.4 millones de soles. DML vende los productos por campañas. Se tienen 18 campañas por año. La mayoría de los productos ofrecidos por campaña son nuevos y solo el dos por...
19
tesis de grado
Publicado 2022
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El estudio tuvo como objetivo general determinar en qué medida la aplicación del software PlanGrid mejora el costo, el plazo, la eficiencia y la eficacia en la construcción de la ampliación de la Institución Educativa Virgen Inmaculada en el distrito de San Bartolo, Lima en el año 2021. La metodología fue cuantitativa, aplicada, descriptiva y no experimental. La población fue la construcción del primer piso del módulo A de 3 aulas con una duración de 60 días. Se aplicó la observación directa y el análisis documental. Los costos directos antes del software tuvieron un valor de S/ 149.734,00 y su promedio diario de S/ 4.991,13. Después del Software PlanGrid su valor fue de S/ 83.126,00 y su promedio diario fue de S/ 2.770,87. El tiempo productivo promedio ante del software fue 372,33 minutos, y después fue 397,60; mientras que la eficiencia promedio antes del software fue ...
20
