Metapneumovirus humano: origen, patogenia y desafíos en el control de un patógeno respiratorio emergente

• Autores: Luque, Julio, de León Delgado, Joel, Pareja Cruz, Arturo
• Formato: artículo
• Fecha de Publicación: 2025
• Institución: Universidad de San Martín de Porres
• Repositorio: Horizonte médico
• Lenguaje: español; inglés
• OAI Identifier: oai:horizontemedico.usmp.edu.pe:article/3802
• Enlace del recurso: https://horizontemedico.usmp.edu.pe/index.php/horizontemed/article/view/3802
• Nivel de acceso: acceso abierto
• Materia: Metapneumovirus; Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio; Zoonosis Virales; Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular; Epidemiología; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viral Zoonoses; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Epidemiology

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), first identified in 2001 in the Netherlands, is a respiratory virus belonging to the family Pneumoviridae that affects individuals of all ages, particularly young children, older adults, and immunocompromised patients. Despite its recent identification, retrospective studies indicate that it has been circulating since the 1950s. It is classified into two main genotypes (A and B) and four subgroups (A1, A2, B1, B2), exhibiting genetic variability that complicates the development of effective vaccines. hMPV is an enveloped, negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that uses the F protein for fusion and cell entry, while the G protein contributes to immune evasion. Both proteins are key to its pathogenicity and modulation of the host immune response. Infection may range from mild tosevere, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, particularly in high-risk individuals. Coinfections with other respiratory viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), exacerbate the clinical presentation. The diagnosis of hMPV is based on molecular techniques, with RT-PCR considered the gold standard due to its high sensitivity and specificity. Rapid methods, such as multiplex PCR, allow simultaneous identification of multiple pathogens, thereby improving clinical management. Although experimental antiviral therapies have been developed, current treatment is supportive, focusing on symptomatic relief and oxygen therapy in severe cases. Inhaled ribavirin has shown potential in critical situations, but its use remains limited. To date, no vaccines have been approved for hMPV. Current efforts concentrate on developing vaccines candidates targeting the F protein, as well as mRNA- and virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines. Preventive strategies emphasize respiratory hygiene measures, isolation of positive cases, and public health education to reduce transmission. hMPV remains an important cause of acute respiratory infections, characterized by its ability to cause reinfection due to insufficient acquired immunity. Continued research is essential to develop effective interventions that improve patient prognosis and reduce the global burden of this infection.