Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise

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We are going to develop a theoretical frame to understand the role that campaigns would have in a context of political malaise. Considering the multidimensionality of the discontent, we are going to conceive the disaffection like the component more related with what Putnam & Goss called ‘the...

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Autores: Fierro Zamora, Pedro, Azurmendi, Ana
Formato: artículo
Fecha de Publicación:2017
Institución:Universidad de Piura
Repositorio:Revista UDEP - Revista de Comunicación
Lenguaje:español
OAI Identifier:oai:revistas.udep.edu.pe:article/988
Enlace del recurso:https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/988
Nivel de acceso:acceso abierto
id 2227-1465_62c8e125c4c62bd0cb9ad12c85c1ffe2
oai_identifier_str oai:revistas.udep.edu.pe:article/988
network_acronym_str 2227-1465
network_name_str Revista UDEP - Revista de Comunicación
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
Aproximaciones teóricas sobre el rol de la publicidad electoral en contextos de malestar
title Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
spellingShingle Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
Fierro Zamora, Pedro
title_short Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
title_full Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
title_fullStr Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
title_full_unstemmed Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
title_sort Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaise
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Fierro Zamora, Pedro
Azurmendi, Ana
author Fierro Zamora, Pedro
author_facet Fierro Zamora, Pedro
Azurmendi, Ana
author_role author
author2 Azurmendi, Ana
author2_role author
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv We are going to develop a theoretical frame to understand the role that campaigns would have in a context of political malaise. Considering the multidimensionality of the discontent, we are going to conceive the disaffection like the component more related with what Putnam & Goss called ‘the previous conditions for an effective democracy’. Taking into account the results of other studies surrounding the democratic effects of the campaigns, we will suggest that the electoral advertising could help us to improve the civic sense of the citizens from an attitudinal dimension, strengthening our democracies.
Desarrollaremos un marco teórico que nos permita comprender el rol que tendría la publicidad electoral en un contexto de malestar. Considerando la multidimensionalidad del descontento, entenderemos a la desafección como el componente que más se relaciona con aquello que Putnam y Goss denominan “las condiciones previas fundamentales para una democracia efectiva”. En virtud de la evidencia sobre los efectos democráticos de las campañas, sugeriremos que la publicidad electoral nos podría ayudar a enfrentar el declive del sentido cívico de nuestros individuos desde su dimensión actitudinal, lo que tendría implicancias concretas en la calidad de nuestro sistema democrático.
description We are going to develop a theoretical frame to understand the role that campaigns would have in a context of political malaise. Considering the multidimensionality of the discontent, we are going to conceive the disaffection like the component more related with what Putnam & Goss called ‘the previous conditions for an effective democracy’. Taking into account the results of other studies surrounding the democratic effects of the campaigns, we will suggest that the electoral advertising could help us to improve the civic sense of the citizens from an attitudinal dimension, strengthening our democracies.
publishDate 2017
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2017-09-20
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Article evaluated by pairs
Artículo evaluado por pares
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/988
url https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/988
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/988/955
/*ref*/Abramson, P. (1983). Political Attitudes in America: Formation and Change. W. H. Freeman & Co Ltd. Abramson, P. R., & Aldrich, J. H. (1982). The Decline of Electoral Participation in America. The American Political Science Review, 76(3), 502–521. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963728 Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1989). The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Sage. Austin, E. W. & Pinkleton, B. E. (1995). Positive and negative effects of political disaffection on the less experienced voter. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159509364300 Banducci, S. A. & Karp, J. A. (2003). How Elections Change the Way Citizens View the Political System: Campaigns, Media Effects and Electoral Outcomes in Comparative Perspective. British Journal of Political Science, 33(3), 443–467. Birch, S. (2008). Electoral institutions and popular confidence in electoral processes: A cross-national analysis. Electora Studies, 27, 305–320. Birch, S. (2010). Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Voter Turnout. Comparative Political Studies, 43(12), 1601–1622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010374021 Bowler, S. & Donovan, T. (2002). Democracy, Institutions and Attitudes about Citizen Influence on Government. British Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 371–390. Campbell, A. Gurin, G., & Miller, W. E. (1954). The voter decides. Row, Peterson & Co. Canel, M. J. (1998). Los efectos de las campañas electorales. Comunicación Y Sociedad, 11(1), 47–67. Clarke, H. D. & Acock, A. C. (1989). National Elections and Political Attitudes: The Case of Political Efficacy. British Journal of Political Science, 19(4), 551–562. Clarke, H. D. & Kornberg, A. (1992). Do National Elections Affect Perceptions of MP Responsiveness? A Note on the Canadian Case. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 17(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.2307/440057 Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Conway, M. M. (2000). Political Participation in the United States (3th ed.). Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly. Craig, S. C. (1993). The Malevolent Leaders: Popular Discontent In America (Political Cultures). Westview Press. Craig, S. C., Niemi, R. G., & Silver, G. E. (1990). Political Efficacy and Trust: A Report on the NES Pilot Study Items. Political Behavior, 12(3), 289–314. De Tocqueville, A. (2006). Democracia en America. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Easton, D. (1975). A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support. British Journal of Political Science, 5(4), 435–457. Easton, D. (1976). Theoretical Approaches to Political Support. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 9(3), 431–448. Farah, B., Barnes, S. H., & Heunks, F. (1979). Political Dissatisfaction. In S. H. Barnes & M. Kaase (Eds.), Political Action. Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies (pp. 409–447). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Fernández-Llebrez, F. (2012). Humanismo, participación y ciudadanía cívica. Elementos para una democracia de calidad. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 30(Nov), 31–53. Finkel, S. E. (1985). Reciprocal Effects of Participation and Political Efficacy: A Panel Analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 29(4), 891–913. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111186 Freedman, P., Franz, M., & Goldstein, K. (2004). Campaign Advertising and Democratic Citizenship. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 723–741. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519930 García, V., & D’Adamo, O. (2004). Campañas electorales y sus efectos sobre el voto: Análisis de la campaña electoral presidencial 2003 en Argentina. Psicología Política, 28, 7–25. Goldstein, K., & Ridout, T. N. (2004). Measuring the effects of televised political advertising in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 7(1), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104820 Hansen, K. M., & Tue Pedersen, R. (2014). Campaigns Matter: How Voters Became Knowledgeable and Efficacious During Election Campaigns. Political Communication, 31, 303–324. Hetherington, M. J., & Rudolph, T. J. (2008). Priming, Performance, and the Dynamics of Political Trust. The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381608080468 Huber, G. A., & Arceneaux, K. (2007). Identifying the Persuasive Effects of Presidential Advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 957–977. Iyengar, S. (1980). Subjective Political Efficacy as a Measure of Diffuse Support. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44(2), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1086/268589 Karp, J. A., & Banducci, S. A. (2008). Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 311–334. Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. Columbia University Press. Lippmann, W. (1922). Opinión Pública. Editorial C. de Langre. López-Hermida Russo, A. P., & Fierro-Zamora, P. (2016). Campañas políticas y desafección ciudadana: aproximación desde Chile a los efectos de las actividades electorales en el proceso democrático. Palabra Clave, 19, 365–397. Marinus P. C. M. van Schendelen. (1981). Disaffected Representation in the Netherlands: A Nonaffected Reappraisal. Political Behavior, 3(2), 137–162. Marsh, A., & Kaase, M. (1979). Measuring Political Action. In S. H. Barnes & M. Kaase (Eds.), Political Action. Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage (pp. 57–96) Miller, W. E. (1980). Disinterest, Disaffection, and Participation in Presidential Politics. Political Behavior, 2(1), 7–32. Moreno, C. (2010). El efecto de la campaña para las elecciones generales españolas de 2008 sobre la información política y la participación electoral de los votantes: ¿se puede hablar de una función de legitimación de las campañas electorales? Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 24, 53–81. Norris, P. (1999). Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford University Press. Norris, P. (2001). Un círculo virtuoso? El impacto de las comunicaciones políticas en las democracias post-industriales. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 4(1), 7–33. Norris, P. (2002). Do political campaigns matter? Campaign effects in elections and referendums. In D. M. Farrell & R. Schmitt-Beck (Eds.), Do campaign communications matter for civic engagement? American elections from Eisenhower to George Bush. Routledge. Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press. Nye, J., Zelikow, P. D., & King, D. C. (1997). Why People Don’t Trust Government. Harvard University Press. O’Donnell, G. (2003). Democracia, desarrollo humano y derechos humanos. In G. O’Donnell, J. Vargas Cullell, & O. M. Iazzetta (Eds.), Democracia, desarrollo humano y ciudadanía: reflexiones sobre la calidad de la democracia en América Latina (pp. 25–148). Rosario, Argentina: Homo Sapiens. O’Donnell, G. (2004). Human Development, Human Rights, and Democracy. In G. O’Donnell, J. Vargas Cullell, & O. M. Iazzetta (Eds.), The quality of democracy: theory and applications (pp. 9–92). Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. Offe, C. (2006). Political disaffection as an outcome of institutional practices? Some post-Tocquevillean speculations. In M. Torcal & J. R. Montero (Eds.), Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies. Routledge. O’Keefe, G. J. (1980). Political Malaise and Reliance on Media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 57(1), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908005700118 Pharr, S., & Putnam, R. D. (2000). Disaffected Democracies: What’s Troubling the Trilateral Countries? Princeton University Press. Pineda, C. (2009). Recensiones. Revista de Estudios de La Administración Local Y Autonómica, 311, 305–316. Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, E. W. (2002). Exploring Relationships Among Media Use Frequency, Perceived Media Importance, and Media Satisfaction in Political Disaffection and Efficacy. Mass Communication and Society, 5(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0502_3 Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America. PS: Political Science and Politics, 28(4), 664–683. https://doi.org/10.2307/420517 Putnam, R. D., & Goss, K. A. (2003). Introducción. In R. D. Putnam (Ed.), El declive del capital social (pp. 9–33). Galaxia Gutenberg Círculo de Lectores. Robinson, M. J. (1976). Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise: The Case of “The Selling of the Pentagon.” The American Political Science Review, 70(2), 409–432. Rodriguez-Virgili, J. (2014). Comunicación para combatir la desafección política. In A. Motta (Ed.), Grandes espacios de la comunicación política. Construyendo nuevos ideales (Vol. 1). México: Universidad Panamericana. Schmitter, P. C. (1995). More Liberal, Preliberal, or Postliberal? Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 15–22. Shaffer, S. D. (1981). A Multivariate Explanation of Decreasing Turnout in Presidential Elections, 1960-1976. American Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 68–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110913 Shklar, J. (1991). American Citizenship. The Quest for Inclusion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Skocpol, T. (1997). The Tocqueville Problem: Civic Engagement in American Democracy. Social Science History, 21(4), 455–479. https://doi.org/10.2307/1171662 Skocpol, T. (2003). América cívica, pasado y presente. In R. D. Putnam (Ed.), El declive del capital social (pp. 491–543). Galaxia Guttenberg Círculo de Lectores. Torcal, M., & Lago, I. (2006). Political participation, information, and accountability: some consequences of political disaffection in new democracies. In M. Torcal & J. R. Montero (Eds.), Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies. Social Capital, Institutions, and Politics (pp. 308–332). London: Rutledge. Torcal, M., & Montero, J. R. (2006). Political Disaffection in Comparative Perspective. In M. Torcal & J. R. Montero (Eds.), Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies. Social Capital, Institutions, and Politics (pp. 3–20). Rutledge. Vargas Cullell, J. (2004). Democracy and the Quality of Democracy: empirical findings and methodological and theoretical issues drawn from the citizen audit of the quality of democracy in Costa Rica. In G. O’Donnell, J. Vargas Cullell, & O. M. Iazzetta (Eds.), The Quality of Democracy (pp. 93–162). Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and Equality. Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Wuthnow, R. (2003). El carácter cambiante del capital social en Estados Unidos. In P. Robert (Ed.), El declive del capital social. Galaxia Guttenberg Círculo de Lectores.
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spelling Theoretical approaches about the role of electoral advertising in a context of political malaiseAproximaciones teóricas sobre el rol de la publicidad electoral en contextos de malestarFierro Zamora, PedroAzurmendi, AnaWe are going to develop a theoretical frame to understand the role that campaigns would have in a context of political malaise. Considering the multidimensionality of the discontent, we are going to conceive the disaffection like the component more related with what Putnam & Goss called ‘the previous conditions for an effective democracy’. Taking into account the results of other studies surrounding the democratic effects of the campaigns, we will suggest that the electoral advertising could help us to improve the civic sense of the citizens from an attitudinal dimension, strengthening our democracies.Desarrollaremos un marco teórico que nos permita comprender el rol que tendría la publicidad electoral en un contexto de malestar. Considerando la multidimensionalidad del descontento, entenderemos a la desafección como el componente que más se relaciona con aquello que Putnam y Goss denominan “las condiciones previas fundamentales para una democracia efectiva”. En virtud de la evidencia sobre los efectos democráticos de las campañas, sugeriremos que la publicidad electoral nos podría ayudar a enfrentar el declive del sentido cívico de nuestros individuos desde su dimensión actitudinal, lo que tendría implicancias concretas en la calidad de nuestro sistema democrático.Universidad de Piura. Facultad de Comunicación2017-09-20info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionArticle evaluated by pairsArtículo evaluado por paresapplication/pdfhttps://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/988Revista de Comunicación; Vol 16 No 2 (2017); 88-107Revista de Comunicación; Vol. 16 Núm. 2 (2017); 88-1072227-14651684-0933reponame:Revista UDEP - Revista de Comunicacióninstname:Universidad de Piurainstacron:UDEPspahttps://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/988/955/*ref*/Abramson, P. (1983). Political Attitudes in America: Formation and Change. W. H. Freeman & Co Ltd. Abramson, P. R., & Aldrich, J. H. (1982). The Decline of Electoral Participation in America. The American Political Science Review, 76(3), 502–521. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963728 Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1989). The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Sage. Austin, E. W. & Pinkleton, B. E. (1995). Positive and negative effects of political disaffection on the less experienced voter. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159509364300 Banducci, S. A. & Karp, J. A. (2003). How Elections Change the Way Citizens View the Political System: Campaigns, Media Effects and Electoral Outcomes in Comparative Perspective. British Journal of Political Science, 33(3), 443–467. Birch, S. (2008). Electoral institutions and popular confidence in electoral processes: A cross-national analysis. Electora Studies, 27, 305–320. Birch, S. (2010). Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Voter Turnout. Comparative Political Studies, 43(12), 1601–1622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010374021 Bowler, S. & Donovan, T. (2002). Democracy, Institutions and Attitudes about Citizen Influence on Government. British Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 371–390. Campbell, A. Gurin, G., & Miller, W. E. (1954). The voter decides. Row, Peterson & Co. Canel, M. J. (1998). Los efectos de las campañas electorales. Comunicación Y Sociedad, 11(1), 47–67. Clarke, H. D. & Acock, A. C. (1989). National Elections and Political Attitudes: The Case of Political Efficacy. British Journal of Political Science, 19(4), 551–562. Clarke, H. D. & Kornberg, A. (1992). Do National Elections Affect Perceptions of MP Responsiveness? A Note on the Canadian Case. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 17(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.2307/440057 Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Conway, M. M. (2000). Political Participation in the United States (3th ed.). Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly. Craig, S. C. (1993). The Malevolent Leaders: Popular Discontent In America (Political Cultures). Westview Press. Craig, S. C., Niemi, R. G., & Silver, G. E. (1990). Political Efficacy and Trust: A Report on the NES Pilot Study Items. Political Behavior, 12(3), 289–314. De Tocqueville, A. (2006). Democracia en America. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Easton, D. (1975). A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support. British Journal of Political Science, 5(4), 435–457. Easton, D. (1976). Theoretical Approaches to Political Support. Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 9(3), 431–448. Farah, B., Barnes, S. H., & Heunks, F. (1979). Political Dissatisfaction. In S. H. Barnes & M. Kaase (Eds.), Political Action. Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies (pp. 409–447). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Fernández-Llebrez, F. (2012). Humanismo, participación y ciudadanía cívica. Elementos para una democracia de calidad. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 30(Nov), 31–53. Finkel, S. E. (1985). Reciprocal Effects of Participation and Political Efficacy: A Panel Analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 29(4), 891–913. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111186 Freedman, P., Franz, M., & Goldstein, K. (2004). Campaign Advertising and Democratic Citizenship. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 723–741. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519930 García, V., & D’Adamo, O. (2004). Campañas electorales y sus efectos sobre el voto: Análisis de la campaña electoral presidencial 2003 en Argentina. Psicología Política, 28, 7–25. Goldstein, K., & Ridout, T. N. (2004). Measuring the effects of televised political advertising in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 7(1), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104820 Hansen, K. M., & Tue Pedersen, R. (2014). Campaigns Matter: How Voters Became Knowledgeable and Efficacious During Election Campaigns. Political Communication, 31, 303–324. Hetherington, M. J., & Rudolph, T. J. (2008). Priming, Performance, and the Dynamics of Political Trust. The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381608080468 Huber, G. A., & Arceneaux, K. (2007). Identifying the Persuasive Effects of Presidential Advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 957–977. Iyengar, S. (1980). Subjective Political Efficacy as a Measure of Diffuse Support. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44(2), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1086/268589 Karp, J. A., & Banducci, S. A. (2008). Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 311–334. Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. Columbia University Press. Lippmann, W. (1922). Opinión Pública. Editorial C. de Langre. López-Hermida Russo, A. P., & Fierro-Zamora, P. (2016). Campañas políticas y desafección ciudadana: aproximación desde Chile a los efectos de las actividades electorales en el proceso democrático. Palabra Clave, 19, 365–397. Marinus P. C. M. van Schendelen. (1981). Disaffected Representation in the Netherlands: A Nonaffected Reappraisal. Political Behavior, 3(2), 137–162. Marsh, A., & Kaase, M. (1979). Measuring Political Action. In S. H. Barnes & M. Kaase (Eds.), Political Action. Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage (pp. 57–96) Miller, W. E. (1980). Disinterest, Disaffection, and Participation in Presidential Politics. Political Behavior, 2(1), 7–32. Moreno, C. (2010). El efecto de la campaña para las elecciones generales españolas de 2008 sobre la información política y la participación electoral de los votantes: ¿se puede hablar de una función de legitimación de las campañas electorales? Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 24, 53–81. Norris, P. (1999). Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford University Press. Norris, P. (2001). Un círculo virtuoso? El impacto de las comunicaciones políticas en las democracias post-industriales. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 4(1), 7–33. Norris, P. (2002). Do political campaigns matter? Campaign effects in elections and referendums. In D. M. Farrell & R. Schmitt-Beck (Eds.), Do campaign communications matter for civic engagement? American elections from Eisenhower to George Bush. Routledge. Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press. Nye, J., Zelikow, P. D., & King, D. C. (1997). Why People Don’t Trust Government. Harvard University Press. O’Donnell, G. (2003). Democracia, desarrollo humano y derechos humanos. In G. O’Donnell, J. Vargas Cullell, & O. M. Iazzetta (Eds.), Democracia, desarrollo humano y ciudadanía: reflexiones sobre la calidad de la democracia en América Latina (pp. 25–148). Rosario, Argentina: Homo Sapiens. O’Donnell, G. (2004). Human Development, Human Rights, and Democracy. In G. O’Donnell, J. Vargas Cullell, & O. M. Iazzetta (Eds.), The quality of democracy: theory and applications (pp. 9–92). Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. Offe, C. (2006). Political disaffection as an outcome of institutional practices? Some post-Tocquevillean speculations. In M. Torcal & J. R. Montero (Eds.), Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies. Routledge. O’Keefe, G. J. (1980). Political Malaise and Reliance on Media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 57(1), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908005700118 Pharr, S., & Putnam, R. D. (2000). Disaffected Democracies: What’s Troubling the Trilateral Countries? Princeton University Press. Pineda, C. (2009). Recensiones. Revista de Estudios de La Administración Local Y Autonómica, 311, 305–316. Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, E. W. (2002). Exploring Relationships Among Media Use Frequency, Perceived Media Importance, and Media Satisfaction in Political Disaffection and Efficacy. Mass Communication and Society, 5(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0502_3 Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America. PS: Political Science and Politics, 28(4), 664–683. https://doi.org/10.2307/420517 Putnam, R. D., & Goss, K. A. (2003). Introducción. In R. D. Putnam (Ed.), El declive del capital social (pp. 9–33). Galaxia Gutenberg Círculo de Lectores. Robinson, M. J. (1976). Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise: The Case of “The Selling of the Pentagon.” The American Political Science Review, 70(2), 409–432. Rodriguez-Virgili, J. (2014). Comunicación para combatir la desafección política. In A. Motta (Ed.), Grandes espacios de la comunicación política. Construyendo nuevos ideales (Vol. 1). México: Universidad Panamericana. Schmitter, P. C. (1995). More Liberal, Preliberal, or Postliberal? Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 15–22. Shaffer, S. D. (1981). A Multivariate Explanation of Decreasing Turnout in Presidential Elections, 1960-1976. 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