This essay reviews the historical process of affirmation of democracy in the contemporary world. It emphasizes the role played in this process by the political ideas and public institutions of the United States of America. However, it concludes pointing out the main reason that explains the triumph of democracy: its deep relation with basic human values, such as honor and freedom.

The Constitution to be approved by referendum implies significant changes with respect to the 1979 Constitution in the area of economic normativity. This article reviews the principal modifications introduced, and analyzes the degree to which the majority and the opposition in Congress have agreed in this area of the constitutional reform process. The article finishes with an analysis of what these coincidences and differences imply for the stability of the changes adopted.

Páginas 389-395

Páginas 39-44

Tomo 1. Páginas [137]-140

Este ensayo revisa el proceso histórico de afirmación de la democracia en el mundo contemporáneo. Enfatiza el papel que han desempeñado en el mismo las ideas políticas y las instituciones públicas de los Estados Unidos de América. Sin embargo, concluye señalando que la razón principal que explica el triunfo de las ideas e instituciones democráticas es su profunda vinculación con valores humanos esenciales, tales como el honor y la libertad.

Se han reunido aquí dos tipos de estudio crítico sobre la historia de nuestra arquitectura reciente. El primero trata el sentido de un debate inconcluso, irresuelto y casi, diríamos, inactuado, y que sin embargo marca la arquitectura del último medio siglo en los ámbitos urbanos del país: el debate entre Neocolonial y Moderno, los dos estilos discernibles entre el cúmulo de indiscernibles que nos rodean. El segundo ensayo se detiene en la obra de un arquitecto a quien tales dicotomías dejan suelto e inclasificable, y cuya obra como arquitecto se conoce poco: Héctor Velarde. Finalmente, al ilustrarse a este último, se pasa revista a imágenes no poco reveladoras de las ideas en juegos.

We present seeing measurements at OAUNI site gathered on 2016 and 2017 campaigns using V and R broadband filters. In order to quantify the seeing we used the full-width-at-half-maximum from stellar profiles on photometric sequences during the observational windows of our supernovae program. A typical median seeing of 1” .8 was found on 2016 and a worst value of 2” .0 on 2017. The last one was probably affected by anomalous conditions related to the 2017 extreme climatic event. The monthly first quartile analysis indicates that best seeing conditions can be achieved at a level of 1” .5. In general, our results indicate a reasonable sky quality for the OAUNI site.

We report optical photometry of Type Ia SN ASASSN-16gq/AT2016cym (ATel #9199, ATel #9219) on 2016-07-11 (UT) gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru.

We report optical photometry of Type Ia SN ASASSN-16hz (=SN 2016eqb, ATel #9332, ATel #9333) on 2016-08-09 (UT) gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging was performed with seeing ~1.8" and airmass = 1.3. A total integration time of 900s (45x20s) and 880s (44x20s) in R and V filter, respectively, yielded: Date (UT)

We report optical photometry of Type Ia SN ASASSN-16hw (=SN 2016ekt, ATel #9278, ATel #9289, ATel #9300) on 2016-08-06 (UT) gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope (Pereyra et al. 2015;arXiv:1512.03104) at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging measurements using V and R broadband filters were acquired with seeing ~1.9" and airmass = 1.5. A total integration time of 42x20s=840s in each filter yielded: Date (UT) filter mag 2016-08-06.119 R 14.656 +/- 0.003 2016-08-06.120 V 14.497 +/- 0.004 Field stars were used for the zero point calibration. Following PESSTO and Du Pont classifications (ATel #9289, ATel #9300), our measurements are very close to maximum. The OAUNI project is supported by UNI, TWAS, IGP and Cienciactiva (Convenio 102-2015 Fondecyt).

We report optical photometry of Type Ia SN ASASSN-16gq/AT2016cym (ATel #9199, ATel #9219) on 2016-07-11 (UT) gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging was performed with seeing ~1.7" and airmass = 1.3. Our measurements yielded: Date (UT) | filter | IT | mag 2016-07-11.085 | V | 1200s (60x20s) | 17.94 +/- 0.06 2016-07-11.106 | R | 0760s (38x20s) | 17.84 +/- 0.04 Field stars were used for the zero point calibration. Caution must be taken for contamination of edge-on Sc host galaxy (ESO 446-G023). Following FLWO/FAST classification (ATel #9219), our measurements are ~17 days after maximum. The OAUNI project is supported by UNI, TWAS, IGP and Cienciactiva (Convenio 102-2015 Fondecyt)."

We report optical photometry of Type Ia SN ASASSN-16hz (=SN 2016eqb, ATel #9332, ATel #9333) on 2016-08-09 (UT) gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging was performed with seeing ~1.8" and airmass = 1.3. A total integration time of 900s (45x20s) and 880s (44x20s) in R and V filter, respectively, yielded: Date (UT) | filter | mag 2016-08-09.397 | R | 15.84 +/- 0.04 2016-08-09.412 | V | 15.82 +/- 0.05 UCAC4 field stars were used for the zero point calibration. Following Mayall/KOSMOS classification (ATel #9333), our measurements are ~2 days after maximum. The OAUNI project is supported by UNI, TWAS, IGP and Cienciactiva (Convenio 102-2015 Fondecyt)."

We report photometry of Type Ia SN 2025qpk gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging in R filter was performed on two consecutive nights under nonphotometric conditions with airmasses lower than 1.3. The integration time was 60x20s=1200s for all observations. Our measurements yielded: Date (UT) | filter | seeing (") | mag, 2025-07-24.333 | R | 1.8 | 14.56 +/- 0.01, 2025-07-25.138 | R | 2.3 | 14.49 +/- 0.01. UCAC4 field stars were used for the zero point calibration. Our observations are ~17 days after the discovery (TNSTR-2025-2620). The OAUNI project is supported by UNI, TWAS, IGP and ProCiencia-Concytec (Convenio 133-2020 Fondecyt).

We report photometric observations of Type Ia supernovae SN 2025plf and SN 2025rbs, obtained with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging was carried out in R filter on 2025-07-25 (UT) under non-photometric conditions, with airmasses lower than 1.5. The integration times were 60x20s=1200s for SN 2025plf and 45x20s=900s for SN 2025rbs. Our measurements yielded: SN | Date (UT) | filter | seeing (") | mag, 2025plf | 2025-07-25.261 | R | 1.9 | 15.61 +/- 0.11, 2025rbs | 2025-07-25.281 | R | 2.0 | 12.19 +/- 0.01. Zero-point calibration in both cases was performed using UCAC4 field stars. The observations were gathered ~25 days after the discovery of SN 2025plf and ~11 days after that of SN 2025rbs. The OAUNI project is supported by UNI, TWAS, IGP, and ProCienciaˇConcytec (Convenio 133-2020 Fondecyt).

During the commissioning runs of the National University of Engineering's Astronomical Observatory (OAUNI) project, we report optical imaging of the Type Ia SN ASASSN-15lp (ATel #7691, ATel #7692) on 2015-07-17.352 (UT). The measurement was gathered using the OAUNI 51cm telescope at the Huancayo Observatory, Peru (3300 masl at the central peruvian Andes). The observation was made under non-photometric clear skies and through an airmass of 1.4. A 180-second exposure in V filter yielded V = (15.86 +/- 0.05) mag. The zero point calibration was obtained using comparison stars in the neighborhood of the field. Our measurement is 28 days after the discovery (ATel #7691) and caution must be taken for contamination with the host galaxy. The OAUNI project is supported by UNI, The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and IGP.

We report photometry post 2021 outburst of the recurrent nova RS Oph on 2022-05-02 (UT) gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope (Pereyra et al. 2015; arXiv:1512.03104) at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging was performed in B filter under non-photometric conditions (seeing ~1.8") and airmass ~1.1. The observations span 1.7h with a total of 220 individual measurements of 20s each. UCAC4 field stars (417-071319 and 418-073342) were used for the zero point calibration. An average B magnitude of 12.43 +/- 0.04 (HJD middle = 2459701.772) is found with a clear detection of optical flickering on minute-to-hour time scale with peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.22 mag (see link below). This is supported by the standard deviation ratio of magnitudes between RS Oph and the comparison stars that is 2.8. Our observations confirm previous RS Oph optical flickering detections post last outburst (ATel #153...

We report photometry of Type II SN 2023ixf gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging in R filter was performed on two epochs under stable conditions (seeing ~1.7") and airmass lower than 2.5 (target with low altitude). Our integration times were 54x20s=1080s and 50x20s=1000s on 2023-06-20 and 2023-06-21, respectively. Our measurements yielded: on (UT) 2023-06-20.021, R = 11.28 +/- 0.02, and, on (UT) 2023-06-21.022, R = 11.30 +/- 0.02. UCAC4 field stars were used for the zero point calibration. Our observations are ~32-33 days after the earliest detection.

Photometry of Type II SN 2023ijd (TNSTR-2023-1092, TNSCR-2023-1112) was gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope (arXiv:1512.03104) at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging in R filter was performed on three consecutive nights under non-photometric conditions with airmasses lower than 1.8. The integration time was 70x20s=1400s in each observation. Our measurements yielded: Date (UT) / filter / seeing (") / mag ; 2023-07-15.072 / R / 2.1 / 15.52 +/- 0.01 ; 2023-07-16.057 / R / 1.8 / 15.61 +/- 0.01 ; 2023-07-17.053 / R / 2.2 / 15.56 +/- 0.01. UCAC4 field stars were used for the zero point calibration. Our observations are ~two months after the ASAS-SN detection (TNSTR-2023-1092). The OAUNI project is supported by UNI, TWAS, IGP and ProCiencia-Concytec (Convenio 133-2020 Fondecyt).

Multiband photometry of Type II SN 2023gfo on 2023-05-24 (UT) was gathered with the OAUNI 51cm telescope at Huancayo Observatory, Peru. CCD imaging using VRI filters was performed under non-photometric conditions (seeing ~1.8") and airmass lower than 1.6. Total integration times of (45x20s=900s) for V, R and I filters yielded: V = 15.60 +/- 0.01 on 2023-05-24.228 (UT); R = 15.33 +/- 0.03 on 2023-05-24.197; I = 15.12 +/- 0.05 on 2023-05-24-212.