The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of universities and other institutions in successful entrepreneurship. Insights are obtained following a literature review approach. Case studies from the United States (New York startup), Spain (Mondragon), and Germany provide strong evidence that universities are very instrumental in the creation, design and implementation of entrepreneurial initiatives by providing new and ongoing entrepreneurs with human capital training, fundamentals, and theoretical and empirical models to contribute to lasting businesses. Results from university research on gender and risk-issues lead to believe that women are more risk averse than men to work and invest in star-up businesses. Other institutions, such as governments, are critical to provide with the necessary incentives to launch start-up businesses, including tax cuts, seed capital funding, investm...

Microeconomic issues. Economics fundamentals. Concepts and principles. Demand and supply. Elasticity, efficiency and equity in a competitive market. Consumer theory. Consumption optimization. Theory of the firm. Production organization. Production, costs and firm decisions. Perfect and imperfect competition markets. International Trade. Macroeconomic issues. Main macroeconomic aggregates. The full-employment economy, labour market and potential GDP. Money, inflation and the price level. Aggregate supply and demand and the multiplier. Fiscal and monetary policy. Macroeconomics of open economies. New concepts about the economy - The economy in the digital age. The economics of information and communications; and the Global economy. Biodiversity and Economics. Growth and development: Convergent concepts?. New technological development and challenges for the Economy. APPENDIX 1: Special topi...