A descriptive study was conducted to describe acid-base alterations in working mules. Blood samples of 29 mules were analyzed and data was interpreted both by the traditional approach (Henderson-Hasselbach) and the Simplified Strong Ion Difference (Stewart). The parameters evaluated were pH, pCO2, HCO3 -, excess of base, difference of strong ions, total concentration of non-volatile buffer anions and blood lactate. Results showed that 48.3% of the individuals presented at least one acid-base disorder by the traditional approach, while 20.7% did so by the Stewart’s approximation. The alterations most commonly presented were metabolic alkalosis (20.7%), respiratory alkalosis (13.8%), hyperlactatemia alkalosis (10.3%) and strong ion acidosis (17.2%). The results between the two approaches did not show a coincidence. In conclusion, the acid-base alterations in the working mules may be due ...

A descriptive study was conducted to describe acid-base alterations in working mules. Blood samples of 29 mules were analyzed and data was interpreted both by the traditional approach (Henderson-Hasselbach) and the Simplified Strong Ion Difference (Stewart). The parameters evaluated were pH, pCO2, HCO3 -, excess of base, difference of strong ions, total concentration of non-volatile buffer anions and blood lactate. Results showed that 48.3% of the individuals presented at least one acid-base disorder by the traditional approach, while 20.7% did so by the Stewart’s approximation. The alterations most commonly presented were metabolic alkalosis (20.7%), respiratory alkalosis (13.8%), hyperlactatemia alkalosis (10.3%) and strong ion acidosis (17.2%). The results between the two approaches did not show a coincidence. In conclusion, the acid-base alterations in the working mules may be due ...

Esthesioneuroblastoma or olfactory neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor and is derived from the olfactory neuroepithelium, rare in domestic species and particularly in equines. The present report corresponds to a 13-year-old equine patient who presented chronic respiratory disease with two years of evolution and in which period developed unilateral proptosis. At necropsy, an intracranial mass of soft consistency was found, partially delimited in the aboral region within the left nasal cavity, which extended, partially compromising the bones, presphenoids, ethmoids and membranous structures in the ethmoidal and orbital region, causing the partial protrusion of the eyeball and face compression of the left cerebral hemisphere, secondary lesions in the maxillary tuberosity, pterygopalatine fossa and guttural pouch. The microscopic findings corresponded to a neoplastic process of neuroendocrine...

Esthesioneuroblastoma or olfactory neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor and is derived from the olfactory neuroepithelium, rare in domestic species and particularly in equines. The present report corresponds to a 13-year-old equine patient who presented chronic respiratory disease with two years of evolution and in which period developed unilateral proptosis. At necropsy, an intracranial mass of soft consistency was found, partially delimited in the aboral region within the left nasal cavity, which extended, partially compromising the bones, presphenoids, ethmoids and membranous structures in the ethmoidal and orbital region, causing the partial protrusion of the eyeball and face compression of the left cerebral hemisphere, secondary lesions in the maxillary tuberosity, pterygopalatine fossa and guttural pouch. The microscopic findings corresponded to a neoplastic process of neuroendocrine...