An Economic Constitution characterized by clear rules on economic matters in the constitution of a country for a certain period of its history. However, an important aspect that complements these set of rules and constitutional economic controls the mechanisms, which should exist to fulfill them. Indeed, the regulation of the economics in a constitution is not a practice that has always existed in the legal systems of the world. The German constitution of the Weimar Republic in 1919 is considered by many as the pioneer and is the basis of economic constitutionalism as it established of the basic law of economic activity. For others, the Constitution of 1215 is the first set of economic rules because it placed limitation of the taxing powers of the monarch. Currently, there is a growing consensus on the importance of the Economic Constitution and its institutional framework that contribut...

The stock market is very attractive for international and national investors, as this channel is characterized by flows of funds from surplus agents (vendors of loanable funds) to the agent responsible (applicants for loanable funds), as a result a higher level of investment, while generating economic growth and thus the benefit of all participants. Companies operate in a financial environment in which requirements as required solvency capital, profitability and trajectory, making it difficult to meet them. These days, business financing is limited mainly to the banking system. However, it requires different funding alternative to traditional. A fundamental choice is the issuance of bonds in the primary market for securities. Get financing through this market is more efficient for companies to resort to a bank loan, the lower financial cost which means the bond issue. The article analyse...

Douglass North -Premio Nobel de Economía en 1993-- analizó el papel que cumplen las instituciones en el crecimiento económico. Una economía sin sistemas institucionales administrativos capaces de manejar adecuadamente los programas de desarrollo económico difícilmente asegura n el crecimiento económico. Las economías subdesarrolladas como la nuestra no cuentan con sistemas institucionales eficaces. En ese entender, el Enfoque Institucional o Nueva Economía Institucional incorpora la Teoría de las Instituciones a la Teoría Económica. Enfatiza que la estructura de incentivos de la sociedad -que es fundamental para el proceso de cambio- es una función de la estructura institucional de la sociedad. En ese sentido, el presente artículo sostiene la necesidad impostergable del fortalecimiento institucional en nuestro país para manejar adecuadamente los programas de desarrollo y a...

The research paper entitled “Principle of subsidiarity economic state of the politic Constitution in Peru” seeks to answer the following question: What is the scope of the constitutional principle of state economic subsidiarity? In this regard, it should be noted that this study is an explanatory and documentary. Similarly, the research method used is analytical and inductive. He turned to secondary sources and how technical the document review. In this perspective, for a better understanding of the subject, the content of this document is structured in three parts: the first sets out the background, the second raises the foundation of economic subsidiarity principle and the third state covers matters relating the limits of state power and state functions. Then, we present our conclusions. Finally, the literature discloses.

At present there is a consensus in recognizing the importance of institutions, rules of society: formal and informal-to explain both success and failure of countries seeking development. In this perspective, Peru has not reached the longed-economic development because there is a weak institutional framework and does not effectively protect individual rights. The institutional framework has led throughout our history, the establishment of forms of government, populist and authoritarian. Our judicial system is not working properly: the judicial processes are inefficient (high cost and slow processes), there is political influence, court decisions are uncertain, there is widespread corruption, and access to justice is uneven. As a result of these characteristics, the legal system promotes legal uncertainty. In addition to the above, do not have a strong political party system. The instituti...

The economic regulation has legal restrictions that impose to the agents that were involved in the market (like for example, the market of goods and services or the capital markets). However, there is an aspect relevant in the regulation we need to justify the present of the market failures that appear from the presents of the externalities, existence of public assets, failing competition, asymmetries and incomplete markets information. That is way, there is mayor consent in the market and the private companies cooperated to the accomplishment of economy. That way the government makes a very important role in the market. However the government keeps doing a controversy subject in ideological conflict of world. That why this article examines the background and fundamentalism, the failure the adjustment of the economy on the market, also the balance between market and government has a big ...

This article seeks to answer the question: Why is it important electronic money in the process of finan-cial inclusion in Peru?. According to data from the Superintendence of Banking and Insurance (SBS), as of June 2013, 57.3% of districts in the country lack access to the financial system. Due to this problem, it is necessary to institutionalize the policy of financial included, so that access and use of quality financial services by all segments of the population is promoted. An important step in this way, is the instrumentation of electronic money.From this perspective, for a better understanding of the subject, the content is structured in four parts. The first covers the history of both the current situation of the Peruvian financial system as the policy guideline. In the second the validity of electronic money is raised. The third covers the electronic money in Peru. The fourth ana...

This study addresses the constitutional provisions of the financial system in Peru and based on that, seeks to respond the question: Why should establish a financial regime in the Political Constitution?In that sense, it should be noted that the nature of the study is explanatory type. Similarly, research methods used are analytical and inductive. They also turned to secondary sources and the technique used was the document review.From this perspective, for a better understanding of the proposed theme, content is structured in three parts: the first comprises the foundation of financial regula-tion; in the second, the powers of the state organs in financial matters arise, and the third covers the finan-cial arrangements of the Constitution of 1993. Finally, conclusions are presented and disclosed the literature.

This study explains the importance of creating deposit insurance in the financial system to prevent massive withdrawals of bank capital; and on that basis, seeks to answer the question: Why is it important for the financial system to have coverage for saving deposits through insurance?In that regard, it should be noted that the nature of the study is explanatory type and the research methods used are analytic and inductive. Furthermore, we used secondary information sources and the technique used was documentary examination. From this perspective, for a better understanding of the proposed theme, content is structured in three parts: The first includes the microeconomic foundations of deposit insurance in the financial system, the second states the importance and protection of savings and the third covers the Deposit Insurance Fund in Peru. Finally, conclusions are presented and the refe...

This study addresses the general principles of a free society referring to the tradition of individual freedom, justice and limited government. It seeks to answer the question: Why does the spontaneous market order require the vindication of those principles?In that regard, it should be noted that the nature of the study is of explanatory type. Thus, the research method used is analytical. Similarly, the literature sources which support the essential principles of a free society and the spontaneous market order were consulted.For a better understanding of the proposed theme, the content is structured in three parts. The first comprises the background. In the second the spontaneous market order is explained. The third covers the general prin-ciples of a free society. Then the conclusions. Finally, the literature is mentioned.

This study explains the significance of constitutional norms, principles guiding the economic model of Peru. To this end, the following question is asked: Why have the general principles of the economic system of the Constitution contributed to the stability and economic growth of the country?In that regard, it should be noted that the nature of the study is an explanatory type and the research method is analytical. Also, bibliographic sources were used to support the general principles of Peruvian economic regime.For a better understanding of the proposed theme, the content is structured in three parts: The first comprises the background references; the second presents the main doctrines in economic matters and the third covers the general principles of the economic system of the Political Constitution of Peru. Then the conclusions are proposed and finally the bibliography is disclosed.

The research made possible to explain why economic freedom was a factor that contributed to improving individual well-being in Peru during the period 1970-2014. Based on this objective, a descriptive analysis was performed on the relationship between the variables, plus two approximations were used based on the inferential analysis: Spearman correlation coefficient and Ordinary Least Squares estimate.Thus, the main results show that there is a relationship between the Index of Economic Freedom and the Gross Domestic Product per capita, and the strong degree of this relationship. In addition, it was found that the sense of the relationship is positive and statistically significant.In this way, it was concluded that economic freedom is one of the factors that influenced individual welfare, and consequently, general well-being of the population. However, economic freedom is necessary but no...

The objective of the research is to explain why the freedom in the credit market positively affects the loans of the financial system to the private sector in Peru, generating an increase in the stock of loans to the private sector. Based on this objective, a descriptive and inferential analysis was performed on the relationship between the variables. Thus, the main results were that the freedom in the market of credits as a component of the regulation of the market of credits, influenced in the stock of credits of the financial system to the private sector of the country. In this way, it was concluded that the freedom in the credit market favors the stock of credits and, consequently, contributes to deepening the financial system. However, greater freedom in the credit market is an essential aspect of increasing credits to the private sector, but it is not the only element.

The research allowed to determine the degree of relationship between government size and individual welfare in the Pacific Alliance countries during the period 1970-2014. From this objective, a descriptive analysis was performed on the relationship between the variables and two estimates were used based on the regression analysis and the determination of the correlation coefficient. Thus, the main results obtained show a very positive relationship between the size of the government and the per capita gross domestic product in the Chilean case, and lower in the case of Peru, Mexico and Colombia. Therefore, it was concluded that government size is one of the factors that influenced individual well-being, and consequently, the general well-being of the population, but it is a necessary but not sufficient condition for determining welfare.

The article explains the fundamentals of the Behavioral Economics also known as Economic Psychology or simply Psychology and Economics. It is the one that through experimental and observational designs seeks to detect errors that are made in making decisions. It is in this sense, that Behavioral Economy uses the concepts and evidence of psychology to improve the understanding of the economic decision-making process, analyzing the reasons why people generally make inappropriate decisions. It is from this perspective that Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein formulate Libertarian Paternalism with the purpose of designing public policies to maintain or increase people's freedom of choice as to improve the conditions or contexts for making appropriate decisions.

Objective: The research described the characteristics of the main approaches to the State's principle of economic subsidiarity over the last twenty-five years. Method: Articles published in indexed scientific journals with a descriptive method were analyzed, using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: It was obtained as a result of nineteen articles whose main approaches are: vertical/horizontal and positive/negative. Conclusions: It was concluded that, while the golden rule must be free private initiative or economic freedom, the subsidiary role of the state in the economy, is based on the agents who exchange in the markets supports on the insufficient rules to achieve well-being.

Objective: Determine if the income level explains the use of credit cards in Peru. Method: A Logit model was used to estimate the probability of use credit cards on those persons who have a card. Results: The Income has a positive effect and statistically significant on credit card use, however, in some areas, as the food spend, it doesn’t observe significant differences in the credit card use related to monthly work income. Conclusions: The population with lower income tends to use the credit card in equal proportion as the higher income segments for certain expenses.

La crisis mundial sanitaria generada por la pandemia del COVID-19 ha modificado en forma significativa los sistemas económicos sociales y, en especial, los sistemas de salud, lo cual ha tenido repercusiones en la tecnología, globalización, demografía y medio ambiente, generando una disrupción con efectos supranacionales.

Con la dación de la Nueva Ley Universitaria en el 2014 y otras regulaciones vinculadas con la educación superior universitaria se ha generado en la mayoría de las universidades públicas y privadas, diversas manifestaciones orientadas a fomentar una cultura de investigación, lo cual incluye un aumento de académicos vinculados con la investigación, la adherencia a institutos de investigación de las Facultades, la generación de fondos e incentivos para la investigación, el aumento de redes y accesos de bases de datos, la revisión de las líneas de investigación, el fortalecimiento de la calidad de las revistas académicas y científicas, el mayor número de graduandos con tesis, entre otros; esto ha permitido un incremento constante y significativo en la producción científica en las universidades peruanas, donde según la base de datos Scopus, la Universidad Nacional Mayor de ...

La mejora continua en la producción y gestión de la investigación científica en la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos constituye uno de los ejes centrales de las políticas y estrategias institucionales. Un aspecto relevante en la producción y gestión de la investigación científica es la comunicación y publicación de resultados de investigaciones; en ese aspecto, la Universidad promueve la edición y publicación de revistas, cuyo contenido debe ser de acceso abierto y sin restricciones, asimismo, debe cumplir con las políticas editoriales de las revistas de investigación y contar con un monitoreo permanente que permita el fortalecimiento de la calidad de las revistas académicas y científicas publicadas por la Universidad.