Objective: The research established the effect of the international trade freedom index on the level of trade integration in some countries that currently make up the Pacific Alliance (AP) and the Andean Community (CAN) during the period 1970-2015. Method: The study approach is quantitative because statistical procedures were used, in strict correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results: One of the main results is that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the freedom of international trade index and the degree of commercial integration among the member countries of the PA and the CAN. This relation is differentiated among these countries and within each group. However, at the aggregate level, the effect of the index of freedom of international trade on the degree of commercial integration is greater in the countries of the PA than in those of ...

The study allowed examining the importance of public policies and strategic planning as essential tools to solve society's problems, as well as to guide the vision of the country to which it aspires. The scope of the study was descriptive and the research technique, the documentation. It is proposed that, in order to strengthen the institutional framework for strategic planning in Peru, the constitutionalization of the National Strategic Planning System is necessary, in order to strengthen the autonomy of the National Center for Strategic Planning as a fully technical governing body, independent of political oscillations.

Objetivo: La investigación estableció el efecto del índice de libertad de comercio internacional sobre el nivel de integración comercial en la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) y la Comunidad Andina (CAN) durante el periodo 1970-2015. Método: El enfoque del estudio es cuantitativo porque se utilizaron procedimientos estadísticos, en estricto el coeficiente de correlación y el análisis de regresión. Resultados: De esta forma, uno de los principales resultados es que existe una relación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre el índice de libertad de comercio internacional y el grado de integración comercial en la AP y la CAN, y esta es diferenciada entre los países miembros, tanto al interior de cada grupo como entre ellos. Sin embargo, a nivel agregado el efecto del índice de libertad de comercio internacional sobre el grado de integración comercial es mayor en la AP que...

The study allowed examining the importance of public policies and strategic planning as essential tools to solve society's problems, as well as to guide the vision of the country to which it aspires. The scope of the study was descriptive and the research technique, the documentation. It is proposed that, in order to strengthen the institutional framework for strategic planning in Peru, the constitutionalization of the National Strategic Planning System is necessary, in order to strengthen the autonomy of the National Center for Strategic Planning as a fully technical governing body, independent of political oscillations.

Objective: Determine if the income level explains the use of credit cards in Peru. Method: A Logit model was used to estimate the probability of use credit cards on those persons who have a card. Results: The Income has a positive effect and statistically significant on credit card use, however, in some areas, as the food spend, it doesn’t observe significant differences in the credit card use related to monthly work income. Conclusions: The population with lower income tends to use the credit card in equal proportion as the higher income segments for certain expenses.

Objective: To determine the effect of the dynamic of departmental labor income in Peru on the affiliation to the Private Pension Administration System (SPP), in the period 2004-2021. Method: A panel data model with fixed effects was used to estimate the effect of the dynamics of labor income during the 2004-2021 period, understood as the proportion of the Economically Active Population (EAP) that has dependent labor income above the minimum wage (RMV), on an access indicator such as the affiliation to the SPP referred to the percentage of the EAP that is affiliated to said system. Results: There is a differentiated dynamic in the rate of affiliation to the SPP and in the growth of labor income, and the dependent labor income between the departments. Likewise, a positive and statistically significant effect of the proportion of the EAP that has dependent labor income above the minimum wag...

Objetivo: Determinar si el nivel de ingreso explica el uso de tarjetas de crédito en el Perú. Método: Se utilizó un modelo Logit para estimar la probabilidad de uso de tarjetas de crédito en aquellos individuos que cuentan con una tarjeta. Resultados: Los ingresos tienen un efecto positivo y estadísticamente significativo en el uso de tarjetas de crédito; sin embargo, en algunos rubros, como en el gasto de alimentos, no se observan diferencias significativas en el uso de la tarjeta de crédito con relación a los ingresos laborales mensuales. Conclusión: La población con menores ingresos tiende a usar la tarjeta de crédito en igual proporción que los segmentos con mayores ingresos para determinados gastos.

The objective of the study was to examine the relevance of fintech in the process of financial inclusion in Peru. The analysis was descriptive and was carried out through a documentary review. The scope of the investigation found that fintech companies aim to serve segments not covered by traditional banking and have great development potential, as a result of the advantages of digitization and the use of innovation, open banking trends, and a cooperative model. Likewise, these companies face obstacles that have prevented further progress in financial inclusion, such as the absence of financial products that meet the needs and the high operational costs compared to the low profit margins, which represent the traditional assistance given to those of excluded segments. In conclusion, it is noted that Fintechs contribute to the process of financial inclusion in Peru by providing access to p...