Contrary to the hypothesis of genetic predisposition in the pathogenesis of Parkinson discase as proposed by many researchers, we suggest that an impairment of blood flow to the substantia nigra is the primary pathological process of this disease, not necessarily related to aging. Conclusion: Based ¡n histopathological and neurochenfical findings ¡n dopaminergic neurons, Parkinson's discase is due to a suboptinial and chronic reduction of arteria¡ blood flow to the mesencephalon. Therefore, revascularization of the catecholaminergic nuclei is an aim to be considered.

Reportamos las secuelas post traumáticas dentro del canal espinal de 53 Pacientes con fijación segmental de Luque. Por un lado, los hallazgos fueron secundarios al trauma y por otro lado, al método de instrumentación segmental. Basado en la cantidad y severidad de las secuelas, creemos que la técnica quirúrgica debe ser modificada

Introduction. Occipital neuralgia is a common cause of headache, it may be primary or secondary, and the goal of therapy is to alleviate pain.Case report. A 51-year-old man was admitted with a 6-week history of primary occipital neuralgia. Pain began at the left lateral area of the neck and sometimes it took the right side. The patient had been a smoker since he was 15 years old. When he was 30, 40, and 45 years old, he had three episodes of left occipital neuralgia, and their average duration was 4 months in each time. Neurological examination was normal. A CT scan showed atherosclerosis in the V4 segment of the left vertebral artery. An omental transplantation upon the upper cervical cord and the dorsal and caudal surface of the medulla oblongata was performed. The patient experienced complete relief of his pain since the very first day after the procedure.Conclusion. No...

Introduction. Occipital neuralgia is a common cause of headache, it may be primary or secondary, and the goal of therapy is to alleviate pain.Case report. A 51-year-old man was admitted with a 6-week history of primary occipital neuralgia. Pain began at the left lateral area of the neck and sometimes it took the right side. The patient had been a smoker since he was 15 years old. When he was 30, 40, and 45 years old, he had three episodes of left occipital neuralgia, and their average duration was 4 months in each time. Neurological examination was normal. A CT scan showed atherosclerosis in the V4 segment of the left vertebral artery. An omental transplantation upon the upper cervical cord and the dorsal and caudal surface of the medulla oblongata was performed. The patient experienced complete relief of his pain since the very first day after the procedure.Conclusion. No...

La demanda de consumo de frutas frescas o mínimamente procesados es una oportunidad de desarrollar métodos para prolongar la vida útil usando componentes naturales y biodegradables. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el efecto de recubrimiento comestible a base de almidón de yuca, quitosano y glicerol sobre la pérdida de peso postcosecha de mandarinas almacenadas en condiciones de refrigeración. Fueron evaluados tres niveles de cada componente, almidón de yuca (0, 1, 2%), quitosano (1, 2.5, 4%), glicerol (2, 3, 4%), los ensayos se distribuyen de acuerdo al diseño Box-Behnken, con 12 tratamientos y 3 puntos centrales. Las coberturas fueron aplicadas a mandarinas cosechadas de la ciudad de Huaral, se determinó el peso inicial del producto y luego se controla el peso cada 3 días durante 3 semanas de almacenamiento en condiciones de refrigeración, temperatura (5±1°C...

Corporate crimes have become a highly widespread phenomenon in modern industrialized societies. The aim of this paper is to offer criteria and elements to evaluate criminal liability of middle managers of a highly hierarchical company for criminal acts committed by employees, which have been adopted and conceived by top managers of the company. To this end, different theories that have arised from the criminal doctrine to penalize managers of a complex organization will be analyzed, as truemediate authorship, co-authorship, induction and authorship in the omission. The research is justified to the extent that, criminal doctrine and jurisprudence, haven’t analyzed this issue deeply and, in the few opinions that about it exist, there are discrepancies about it possible solution. 

En el contexto nacional, se han desarrollado diversas investigaciones jurídicas en torno al entendimiento del delito de peculado previsto en el artículo 387º del Código Penal (CP en adelante); no obstante esto, hasta la fecha no se ha desarrollado un análisis dogmático-penal exhaustivo del concepto de los verbos rectores “apropiación” y “utilización” que permita razonablemente i) limitar el alcance del tipo penal y ii) sancionar ciertos casos problemáticos como la aplicación privada indebida de dinero bancario, bienes inmuebles, bienes inmateriales o, en general, bienes autorizados a ser dispuestos discrecionalmente. En tal sentido, la presente investigación cobra especial relevancia jurídica, en la medida que aporta criterios jurídicos para delimitar de mejor manera el ámbito de aplicación del delito tradicional de peculado doloso, evitando lagunas de punibilidad ...

La criminalidad de empresa constituye un fenómeno altamente extendido en las sociedades industrializadas modernas. El presente trabajo busca brindar criterios y elementos para evaluar la responsabilidad penal de los mandos medios de una empresa altamente jerarquizada por hechos delictivos que cometen los subordinados y que han sido adoptados y concebidos por los altos directivos de la empresa. Para ello, se analizarán las diversas teorías que se han planteado en la doctrina penal para responsabilizar a los superiores jerárquicos de una organización compleja, tales como la autoría mediata, la coautoría, la inducción y la autoría directa por omisión. La investigación se justifica en la medida en que, en la doctrina y jurisprudencia penal, esta problemática no se ha analizado a profundidad y, de las pocas opiniones que hay al respecto, existen discrepancias sobre su posi...

En el contexto nacional, se han desarrollado diversas investigaciones jurídicas en torno al entendimiento del delito de peculado previsto en el artículo 387º del Código Penal (CP en adelante); no obstante esto, hasta la fecha no se ha desarrollado un análisis dogmático-penal exhaustivo del concepto de los verbos rectores “apropiación” y “utilización” que permita razonablemente i) limitar el alcance del tipo penal y ii) sancionar ciertos casos problemáticos como la aplicación privada indebida de dinero bancario, bienes inmuebles, bienes inmateriales o, en general, bienes autorizados a ser dispuestos discrecionalmente. En tal sentido, la presente investigación cobra especial relevancia jurídica, en la medida que aporta criterios jurídicos para delimitar de mejor manera el ámbito de aplicación del delito tradicional de peculado doloso, evitando lagunas de punibilidad ...

Corporate crimes have become a highly widespread phenomenon in modern industrialized societies. The aim of this paper is to offer criteria and elements to evaluate criminal liability of middle managers of a highly hierarchical company for criminal acts committed by employees, which have been adopted and conceived by top managers of the company. To this end, different theories that have arised from the criminal doctrine to penalize managers of a complex organization will be analyzed, as truemediate authorship, co-authorship, induction and authorship in the omission. The research is justified to the extent that, criminal doctrine and jurisprudence, haven’t analyzed this issue deeply and, in the few opinions that about it exist, there are discrepancies about it possible solution. 

This paper studies the criminal liability of legal persons, which has suffered a deep reform with the organic law 1/2015, after being introduced in Spain in 2010. This reform has brought important modifications and news, as the creation of an exemption of liability through the adoption of compliance programs, which supposes a change in the so called model of transfer of liability, that existed before. Parallel to this transformation in the Spanish criminal code, in Peru recently the law 30424 has come into forth, which contents a corporate liability model, very similar to the one foreseen in Spain. Both models of liability and the possibility of its exemption raise doubts about if they really tried to penalize legal persons or not.

This paper studies the criminal liability of legal persons, which has suffered a deep reform with the organic law 1/2015, after being introduced in Spain in 2010. This reform has brought important modifications and news, as the creation of an exemption of liability through the adoption of compliance programs, which supposes a change in the so called model of transfer of liability, that existed before. Parallel to this transformation in the Spanish criminal code, in Peru recently the law 30424 has come into forth, which contents a corporate liability model, very similar to the one foreseen in Spain. Both models of liability and the possibility of its exemption raise doubts about if they really tried to penalize legal persons or not.

This paper studies the criminal liability of legal persons, which has suffered a deep reform with the organic law 1/2015, after being introduced in Spain in 2010. This reform has brought important modifications and news, as the creation of an exemption of liability through the adoption of compliance programs, which supposes a change in the so called model of transfer of liability, that existed before. Parallel to this transformation in the Spanish criminal code, in Peru recently the law 30424 has come into forth, which contents a corporate liability model, very similar to the one foreseen in Spain. Both models of liability and the possibility of its exemption raise doubts about if they really tried to penalize legal persons or not.