The electric transmission system is the infrastructure that allows the transfer of energy from the production points to the consumption centers. It has the characteristic of regulated natural monopoly. For efficiency and economic equity in the electricity market, it is necessary that both the electrical losses and the costs incurred in the transmission process be properly distributed among all the agents that make use of this system. That is why around the world a series of methodologies have been developed that allow the regulators of the electrical system to set the transmission rates that assure their owners to recover the costs incurred in the construction, operation and maintenance and allow the efficient development of the Long-term network. In this context, this article reviews the different methodologies for assigning electrical losses and transmission costs at national and inter...

En este artículo se presenta una revisión de los modelos que sirvieron como base para el diseño de mercados eléctricos competitivos actualmente en funcionamiento en la mayor parte del mundo. Se explica en primer lugar las principales características de la electricidad que lo diferencian de cualquier otro producto que puede ser comercializado en un mercado organizado. Se describe a los agentes que pueden participar en un mercado eléctrico competitivo. Se presenta una clasificación del mercado eléctrico de acuerdo al grado de competencia dentro del contexto de liberalización y se hace un análisis de los modelos de organización y operación de mercados eléctricos centralizados con competencia en el mercado mayorista.

The electric transmission system is the infrastructure that allows the transfer of energy from the production points to the consumption centers. It has the characteristic of regulated natural monopoly. For efficiency and economic equity in the electricity market, it is necessary that both the electrical losses and the costs incurred in the transmission process be properly distributed among all the agents that make use of this system. That is why around the world a series of methodologies have been developed that allow the regulators of the electrical system to set the transmission rates that assure their owners to recover the costs incurred in the construction, operation and maintenance and allow the efficient development of the Long-term network. In this context, this article reviews the different methodologies for assigning electrical losses and transmission costs at national and inter...

This paper presents a new optimization technique for simultaneous tuning of the parameters into the controllers associated with the control voltage oscillation and damping in synchronous generators. The parameters of the Automatic Voltage Regulator - AVR and the Power System Stabilizer – PSS are optimized thought a modification proposed in the Modified Particle Swarm Optimization technique (called MPSO - Modified Particle Swarm Optimization). To analyze the performance of the controllers, an objective function was used, based on system time response to a variation in the reference voltage of the machine. The parameters obtained for AVR and PSS are compared with the values ​​calculated by the conventional adjustment technique and by the MPSO technique. The results of the simulation show that the technique proposed was efficient in tuning the AVR and PSS parameters, highlighting its ...

This article presents a new algorithm to solve the distribution network reconfiguration problem using Simulated Annealing Optimization. The proposed method provides an improvement relative to the classic approach and the convergence rate between its simulations, using the Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) software. In addition, using the particular space mesh search concept, which considerably reduces the solution search space. The proposed algorithm aims to reduce energy losses in distribution networks; its operation was applied to the simple 5-bus system. Finally, the proposed algorithm was used for the 33-bus distribution test system, commonly found in the literature. The simulation results show that the proposed method is very efficient and guarantees the achievement of the global optimum.

Over time the electric market has been growing with the insertion of several sources, in addition to storage devices, given this panorama, the question arises of how to dispatch the energy generated to meet the demand in a more economical and efficient way. This work presents the implementation of a mathematical model of mixed integer nonlinear programming for the problem of Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) using the GAMS software. In order to solve the problem of allocation and optimal operation of storage devices in microgrids, as well as the optimal cycle of loading and unloading of this devices in a way to minimize system operational costs. The model observes grid constraints, such as the voltage profile within permissible limits, as well as the intermittency of renewable sources based on wind and solar energy, represented by variable dispatches during the operation. To...

Over time the electric market has been growing with the insertion of several sources, in addition to storage devices, given this panorama, the question arises of how to dispatch the energy generated to meet the demand in a more economical and efficient way. This work presents the implementation of a mathematical model of mixed integer nonlinear programming for the problem of Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) using the GAMS software. In order to solve the problem of allocation and optimal operation of storage devices in microgrids, as well as the optimal cycle of loading and unloading of this devices in a way to minimize system operational costs. The model observes grid constraints, such as the voltage profile within permissible limits, as well as the intermittency of renewable sources based on wind and solar energy, represented by variable dispatches during the operation. To...

This work presents a new algorithm to solve the distribution network reconfiguration problem based on the Tabu Search algorithm. The proposed method provides a way to obtain new solutions and neighbors for the Tabu Search algorithm with controlled randomness, different from what is available in the literature. The proposed method manages to make the algorithm produce good solutions in most iterations, thus performing a smooth and constant descent to obtain the final solution. The algorithm seeks to reduce losses and improve the voltage profile in medium voltage distribution systems. Tests were carried out in two systems used in the literature, the 33-Bus and the 94-Bus systems. The simulation results show that the proposed method has a low computational cost and obtains up to 100% optimal solutions in 100 executions.