This study documents for the first time the coexistence of Loxosceles laeta and Hadruroides lunatus in Peru. The research was conducted at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, during June 2024. Visual inspection methods and rock lifting were employed to record individuals of both species, measuring the distances between them. Previous observations conducted in 2023 revealed reduced interactions during the summer, suggesting seasonal influences.

The presence of Microlophus tigris in the surroundings of the Parque Ecológico de La Molina was registered, and distribution and behavioral patterns were recorded. Males showed a preference for areas close to the park, while females were more distant with other males. Habitat preference suggests territorial and adaptive patterns. The presence of males was pronounced compared to females, suggesting a possible sex imbalance in the population. These results provide important information for the management and conservation of the species, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches and future research on social interactions and reproductive aspects.

The present study compiles data from 292 lots, of which 4 lots with 45 specimens belong to Belonion dibranchodon (Collette, 1966), 190 lots with 324 specimens to Pseudotylosurus angusticeps (Günther, 1866), 53 lots with 124 specimens to Potamorrhaphis eigenmanni (Ribeiro, 1915), and for Potamorrhaphis guianensis (Jardine, 1843), 40 lots with 108 specimens were recorded. The identification of taxa was corroborated after compiling taxonomic keys. Subsequently, the standard length of specimens was measured, and distribution maps were generated using DIVA-GIS. The results showed significant diversity in the Peruvian Amazon, with B. dibranchodon present in the Putumayo basin in Loreto, Potamorrhaphis distributed in Loreto, Ucayali, and Madre de Dios, and P. angusticeps with a wide distribution in several basins. The absence of Pseudotylosurus microps in the collection suggests the need for f...

This study examines the populations of anthropic rodents of the Muridae family at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru with the aim of identifying the species present and their relationship with the environment. Twenty individuals were captured, distributed in Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) (85%), Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (10%) and Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) (5%). The 60% were males, 5% females, and 35% were not identified due to their escape. Two areas were analyzed: "Green area behind the dining room" and "Area adjacent to the Huaca (archaeological site)", where M. musculus predominated in both. The analysis of the feces revealed plant remains, animal remains and plastics; while the evaluation of the environmental components showed that different plant families influence the presence of rodents. The results suggest that environmental component...

The following text discusses the ethical considerations in biology, it highlights the significance of responsible specimen collection methods to minimize the impact on populations. The text also draws attention to the lack of ethical consideration in capture and preservation, as well as the disconnection with contemporary social needs. Additionally, it explores the ethical dilemma surrounding taxonomic accumulation and animal experimentation, with a focus on animal welfare. It advocates for an ethical approach that recognizes the intrinsic value of life and promotes a more holistic perspective in biology.

Despite their widespread global distribution, studies on tardigrades in Peru are limited. This paper reports for the first time the presence of the genera Echiniscus, Macrobiotus, Milnesium, Ramazzottius, and Viridiscus in the locality of Llusita, located in the province of Víctor Fajardo, Ayacucho. The specimens were collected from epiphytic mosses and analyzed using the sieving method for tardigrade extraction. A total of 65 individuals were identified, with the genera Ramazzottius and Viridiscus being the most notable, which are reported for the first time in the country.

The argument that evolution contradicts the second law of thermodynamics arises from a misinterpretation of this law, which does not preclude local increases in order in open systems such as the Earth or living organisms. The second law states that total entropy in an isolated system tends to increase, but it does not exclude the possibility that complexity may increase locally provided it is compensated by a larger increase in entropy in the environment. Evolution and abiogenesis operate within the limits of physical laws. Energy from the Sun drives self-organizing processes, allowing living systems to reduce their internal entropy while increasing the total entropy of the universe. Furthermore, concepts such as Gibbs free energy and dissipative structures explain how biological and chemical processes can generate order without violating thermodynamics. Recent studies connect natural se...

Three main creationist claims that deny the scientific nature of evolutionary theory are refuted: that it is not falsifiable, predictive, or observable. It demonstrates that evolution is falsifiable since improbable findings could challenge it, and discrepancies in data drive further research. The evolutionary theory is also predictive and retrodictive, as evidenced by Darwin's confirmed predictions about pollinators and the discovery of marsupial fossils in Antarctica. Moreover, evolution is observable and testable, with numerous documented cases of adaptation and natural selection. In conclusion, evolution meets scientific criteria and has been consistently validated, thus refuting creationist assertions.